2.12 Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards by Robin Cottle

Which bones are in the anterior cranial fossa (3)

Frontal bone
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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Which bones are in the middle cranial fossa

Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone

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What is the other name for the middle cranial fossa and why is it called that

Hypophyseal fossa
Because it has the pituitary gland in it AKA the hypophysis

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What bone is in the posterior cranial fossa

Occipital bone

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What nerve goes though the cribiform plate

Olfactory (CNI)

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what nerve goes through the optic canal

Optic nerves (CN II)

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What nerves go through the superior orbital fissure (4)

Oculomotor (CN III)
Trochlear (CN IV)
Ophthalmic (CN V1)
Abducens (CN VI)

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What nerve goes through the foremen rotundum

Maxillary (CN V2)

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What nerve goes through the foremen ovale

Mandibular (CN V3)

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What nerves go through the internal auditory meats

Facial (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

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What nerves go through the jugular foramen

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Vagus baby (CN X)
Accessory spinal (CN XI)

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What nerve goes through the hypoglossal canal

Hypoglossal (CN XII)

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What are the two significant bony structures in the anterior cranial fossa

Frontal air sinus
Cribiform plate

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What are the 5 significant bony structures in the middle cranial fossa

Superior orbital
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Optic canal
5 Foramen lacerum

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What are the 2 significant bony structures in the posterior cranial fossa

Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum

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Dura ever feel

Like a plastic bag

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Name the meninges from superficial to deep

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pita mater

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What is in the dura mater

Nociceptors - detect stretch
Middle meningeal artery
Middle meningeal vein

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What is the blood supply to the arachnoid mater

TRICK QUESTION it’s avascular lol

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What does the arachnoid mater have below it

Subarachnoid space - full of CSF

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What are arachnoid granulations

Projections into dural sinuses where CSF re-enters venous circulation

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What’s the pia mater

Tight layer around the brain looks like cellophane

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Why’s the pia mater hogging all the blood supply

Provides blood supply to cerebral neocortex

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What’s it called when there’s too much fluid in the ventricles and they get all fat

Hydrocephalus

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Describe the flow of CSF from production to exiting the ventricles

1. Produced by ependymal cells in chorionic plexus (lateral ventricles) 2. Travels through interventricular foramina into third ventricle 3. Travels through cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle 4. Leaves through central canal

What is Cushing reflex

Response to increased intracranial pressure Leads to widened pulse pressure, irregular respirations, and bradycardia

Draw the venous sinuses from memory or something idk how to put them into a flashcard

There’s a diagram in Freenotes king

Name the 4 main structures in the frontal lobe

1. Precentral gyrus (primary motor corte) 2. Promotor cortex 3. Broca’s area 4. Prefrontal cortex

Explain hemispheric dominance real quick

Motor function is contralateral Dominant side is opposite to dominant hand Broca and Wernicke are only present on dominant side Hemispheres are connected by corpus callosum

What are the precentral gyrus and premotor cortex for

Precentral = primary motor function (homunculus) Premotor = secondary motor function

What s Broca’s area for

Articulation (motor function of speech)

What’s the prefrontal cortex doing up there

Making decisions Processing emotions Remembering shit consciously Working closely with her bestie (limbic system)

What are the main structures of the parietal lobe

1. Somatosensory area (post central gyrus) 2. Somatosensory association area

What do the somatosensory area and somatosensory association area do anyway

Somatosensory = sensory homunculus Association = interpreting info from hunky; visuospatial processing and depth perception; episodic memory (yesterday i ate cheese)

What are the main structures in the occipital lobe

1. Primary visual cortex 2. Secondary visual (association) cortex 3. Lateral Geniculate body

What do the primary and secondary visual cortexes do

1 - perceives shit 2 - assigns meaning to the shit you perceive

What is the lateral geniculate body

Area of the thalamus Relays info to visual cortex

What are the main structures in the temporal lobe

1. Primary auditory cortex 2. Middle and inferior temporal gyri 3. Wernickes area 4. Parahippocampal gyrus

What is the primary auditory cortex doing

- hears stuff - processes audio

What do the middle and inferior temporal gyri do

Long term memory after hippocampus has organised it

What is wernickes area

Comprehends spoken language Produce meaningful speech Thought -> speech translator

What is the parahippocampal gyrus

Surrounds the hippocampus like a nice warm blanket Looks after short term memory

What the fuk is basal ganglia

Group of subcortical nuclei Refine and modulate motor activity Damage -> loss of coordination

Name as many basal ganglia structures as u can

Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus + putamen) Subthalmic nuclei (2) Substantia nigra

What are the 3 anatomical lobes of the cerebellum

Anterior, Posterior, Floccunodular

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebellum

1. Cerebrocerebellum 2. Spinocerebellum 3. Vestibulocerebellum

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

Motor learning and planning movement

What is the function of the spinocerebellum

Sensory detection Fine tuning movement (Primarily located in anterior lobe)

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum

Balance and ocular reflexes (Primarily in flocculonodular lobe)

What are the signs of cerebellar dysfunction (DANISH)

Dysdiadokinesia (inability to perform fast repetitive movements) Ataxia (tremor) Nystagmus (eye tremor) Intention Tremor Staccato or slurred speech Hypotonia or hyperreflexia

What is the conus medullaris (spinal cord)

It gets thicker at T12-L2 in order to get enoughnerves to lower limb

What is the cauda equina

Roots of L2-L5, where they branch off the spinal cord and descend to lower limb and buttocks

What is the filum terminale

An extension of the pia mater which fixes the spinal cord to periosteum of sacrum - prevents stretching

What is the big bumpy spinal tract in that one diagram

DCML Sensory - ascending

What are the two tracts shaped like a boomerang and its son on that one spinal tracts diagram

Anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts Lat is the boomerang and Ant is his son (Sensory - ascending)

What are the two sausage shaped tracts on the spinal tracts image

Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts (Sensory - ascending)

What’s the little ball shaped tract in the anterolateral corner of the spinal tract image

Spino-olivary fibres (Sensory - ascending)

What is the big fuck off triangle in the spinal tracts image called

Lateral corticospinal tract (Motor - descending)

What are the two little circles next to the big triangle called

Medial - Posterior reticulospinal tract Lateral - Rubrospinal tract (Motor - desc)

What is the sausage shaped tracts in the anteromedial area of the spinal tract image

Anterior corticospinal tract (Motor - desc)

What are the three anterior balls in the spinal tract image

(Med -> lat) Medial reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Olivospinal tract (Motor - desc)

Name the pyramidal motor tracts

Lateral corticospinal Anterior corticospinal

Name the extrapyramidal motor tracts

Post + Med reticulospinal tracts Vestibulospinal tract Olivospinal tract Rubrospinal tract

What are the dermatomes of the front of the head and neck

Whole head = C2 Neck = C3 Upper torso = C4 and C5

What are the dermatomes of the back of the head and neck

Top of head -> ears = C2 Above nape -> C3 Nape -> C4 Neck -> C5 Upper torso -> C6, 7, 8

What dermatomes is the lateral arm, lateral forearm, and thumb

What dermatomes are the middle anterior arm

C5 an T1

What dermatomes is the middle posterior arm and first two fingers

What dermatomes is the medial arm, medial forearm, and medial two fingers

What dermatomes are the anterior leg (6)

L1-5, S4

What dermatome covers the little toe

S4 Anterior S1 Posterior

What dermatome covers the middle 3 toes

What dermatome covers the big toe

L4 anterior S2 posterior

What dermatomes cover the posterior leg

S1 and 2

What myotomes are responsible for neck flexion and extension

C1 and C2

What myotome is responsible for neck lateral flexion

What myotome is responsible for shoulder elevation

What myotome is responsible for shoulder abduction

What myotome is responsible for elbow flexion and wrist extension

What myotome is responsible for finger flextion

What myotome is responsible for finger abduction

What myotome is responsible for hip abduction

What myotome is responsible for hip flexion

What myotome is responsible or knee extension

What myotome is responsible for ankle dorsiflexion

What myotome is responsible for great toe extension

What myotome is responsible for: Ankle plantar flexion Ankle eversion Hip extension

What myotome is responsible for knee flexion

2.12 Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards

(89 cards)