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Nonverbal comm-Midterm 2 > Facial Expression > Flashcards

Facial Expression Flashcards

1
Q

major function of the face:

A

to convey emotion

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2
Q

some facial expressions are

A

emblematic

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3
Q

positive attitudes toward

A

other people and objects

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4
Q

Facial “sign vehicles” (4)

A
  • static: remains constant (face shape)
  • slow: reliably change with age (markers of your age like wrinkles or sagging cheeks)
  • rapid: change in a matter of seconds (facial expressions)
  • artificial: cosmetics or facial treatments used to enhance beauty or combat age
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5
Q

*sign vehicles predict mortality

A
  • photos taken of 292 people, 82-84 years of age
  • Students rated apparent age of person
  • ratings spanned 63-85 years
  • 108 of the 292 participants died in the following 6 years
  • the hazzard of dying was predicted by how old the person was judged to be in the photo
  • 8% greater mortality hazard per year of rated age
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6
Q

organization of facial muscles (d2l)

A
  • eyes/brows
  • nose/cheek
  • mouth
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7
Q

facial emotions, 6 primary facial expressions of emotion

A
  • happiness
  • sadness
  • anger
  • surprise
  • disgust
  • fear
  • now, contempt and pride seem to have some universality
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8
Q

the facial feedback hypothesis

A
  • james (peripheralist) muscle activity >emotion
  • cannon (centralist) cognitive appraisal >emotion
  • facial feedback hypothesis: peripheralist
  • facial muscle activity>emotion
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9
Q

Laird (1974) facial feedback

A

-had people hold smile and frown and those who were smiling felt happier, those who were frowning felt bad

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10
Q

further evidence of facial feedback

A
  • lower eyebrows>mood becomes more negative
  • raised eyebrows>more surprised by facts
  • wrinkled noses>rated odors as more unpleasant
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11
Q

Even more evidence

A
  • sun-induced frowning-same facial expression/muscle activation of the expression of anger
  • survey people walking into the sun with or without sunglasses
  • people without sunglasses scored higher on measure of anger and aggression
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12
Q

still not convinced? grin and bear it

A
  • simulate smiles by holding chopsticks in mouth
  • stress: hand in ice water for one minute
  • people induced to assume a Deuchesme smile had lowest heart rate during the stressful task.
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13
Q

Animal species-homologous facial displays in nonhuman primates

A
  • grimace=fear, not happy
  • tense-mouth display-anger, just like humans
  • play face-happiness/joy, very similar to humans
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14
Q

Animal species-“executive monkey” study

A
  • monkey in restraining chair
  • lights go off, 6 seconds later-shock
  • prevents shock with lever press within 6 seconds
  • lever was taken away from “stimulus” monkey and given to “responder” monkey
  • responder monkey also hooked up
  • responder monkey could only see face of stimulus monkey on tv
  • responder monkey prevented shocks at rate of 92% by just watching the facial expression of stimulus monkey
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15
Q

Animal species-domestic dogs can decode human facial expressions study

A
  • sausage, garlic, or wood shavings in box
  • human looked in box with happy, disgust, or neutral facial expressions
  • dogs used the experimenter’s happy facial expression to locate the hidden food-went to box associated with food with 55% accuracy
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16
Q

Infants-encoding

A
  • facial muscles formed at birth
  • distinct expression early in infancy
  • social smiling 3-4 weeks, full blown in 3 months
  • imitation in 1-2 days
  • no genuine emotion until 18 months?
  • management of emotional expression 6-10 years
17
Q

infant decoding of facial expressions study

A
  • adults posed facial expressions to neonates(???)
  • neonates visual fixation and facial movement was measured
  • neonates showed difference visual fixation patterns in response to different facial expression
  • observer could guess which face was being posed by just observing neonates reactions
  • mean age of subjects: 36 hours
18
Q

adult facial expression

A
  • “phoney smiles”
  • slightly assymetrical (stronger on left)
  • may occur at socially inappropriate times
  • do not involve “crinkle-eye” appearance
  • excessively long apex durations, short onset times, and irregular offset times
19
Q

smile onset duration

A
  • computer generated images
  • smile onset duration 133 vs. 533 ms
  • long duration person judged more attractive and trustworthy
20
Q

what will your future be like? look at your yearbook photo

A
  • pos. emotion, personality > personal resources
  • 1958 college yearbook photo
  • coded for positive affect (Duchenne smile)
  • follow up measures at age 27, 43, 52 (30 years later)
21
Q

yearbook study results

A
  • women with more positive facial affect were rated higher on affiliation, competence, and lower in negativity
  • observers expected rewarding interaction
  • positive emotion-more likely to be married at 27, less likely to be single into middle adulthood
  • higher marital satisfaction at 52
  • global well being (emotional and physical health) higher at 21, 27, 43, and 52
22
Q

cross cultural issues-innate

A
  • encoding and decoding of primary facial emotions is universal
  • research with remote cultures has ruled out social learning of facial emotions )e.g. through media)
  • congenitally blind and deaf children show same expressions of emotion
23
Q

but…DISPLAY RULES

A

-in social situations, facial expressions of japanese and american students differ, but not when they were alone- rules about when to show emotion

24
Q

decoding different emotion (easiest to hardest)

A
  • happiness
  • sadmess
  • anger
  • fear
  • disgust
  • surprise
  • positive emotions are easier to decode than negative emotions in the face
25
Q

sex differences in decoding facial expression

A
  • females perform better than males
  • sex difference already evident in childhood
  • 53% girls perform above average
  • 46% of boys
  • no increase in sex differences over time
  • neurobehavioral maturation model (early in life- hard to prove, born with it
  • social scaffolding model (later in childhood)
26
Q

decoding facial emotion and gender

A
  • gender neutral computer images
  • varying expressions of anger and happiness
  • subjects quicker to label “angry” faces as male and “happy” as females
  • signals for facial expression of emotion and masculinity/femininity have merged over time
27
Q

alcoholism and facial decoding

A
  • recovering alcoholics and control subjects viewed slides
  • multiple choice test
  • lower accuracy in alcoholic group
  • unaware of their deficit
  • more interpersonal problems in alcoholic group
  • these were negatively associated with their performance on the facial recognition task
28
Q

autism and facial decoding

A
  • autism- expressive and receptive communication deficits
  • adults with and without autism shown faces and shapes
  • press button for female face or circle
  • fMRI while performing task
  • autism and control group performed as well at face and shape recognition
  • but different brain regions activated
  • autism: aberrant and individual-specific regions were activated (compared to amygdala in control)
29
Q

social anxiety and decoding facial expressions

A
  • over arousal in social situations
  • children shown photos of positive, neutral, negative facial expressions
  • press buttons for each
  • anxious and nonanxious children had comparable performance
  • but anxious children saw emotions in neutral face
  • anxious children took longer to respond than non-anxious
30
Q

facial decoding of emotion and borderline personality disorder

A
  • slowly morphing computer generated face
  • 20 people with BPD, 20 healthy controls
  • negative expression: BPD detected on average when 73% expressed, control 82% (Paul Ekman d2l), BPD actually quicker
  • pos: BPD detected at 48% expressed vs. 69% in controls
  • people with BPD quicker to pick up on subtle expressions
  • over reaction to minor incidents with others
  • also, people with BPD less accurate than controls in recognizing facial displays of anger and disgust
  • they also misattribute emotions to neutral (no emotions) facial expression “you look mad”
31
Q

schizophrenia and facial decoding

A
  • patients perceived ambiguous and subtle facial expressions as happy, rather than angry, regardless of social contexts
  • faces were shown with a story: being praised (+), blamed (-), or inquiry (neutral)
  • even in early stage of illness, people with schizo have abnormal perceptions of facial expression
32
Q

pretty face: easy on the brain

A
  • preference for looking at attractive facecs
  • 4 yr olds and adults viewed faces
  • attractive/unattractive (pre screened by college students)
  • scrambled/normal
  • press button to classify scrambled/normal
  • both groups took longer to classify unattractive faces
  • brain activity in 4 year olds and adults higher when gazing at unattractive faces
  • beauty: average of groups feature
  • people like prototypes easy to categorize
33
Q

mothers’ decoding of infant facial expressions

A
  • first time mothers vs never mothers
  • attention capture task
  • infant faces, in general, and emotional infant faces in particular, engage attention compared to adult faces
  • for mothers, infant faces were more salient
  • adaptive behavioral change with parenthood
34
Q

oxytocin and facial decoding

A
  • oxytocin (OT): neuropeptide secreted from posterior pituitary
  • crucial role in mammalian social behavior
  • trust, cooperation, relaxation around others
  • intranasal OT administration enhances emotional recognition of faces
  • especially pronounced effect on happy and fear faces
35
Q

Interactive Aspects of facial expressions

A
  • Dimberg (1982): look at happy and sad faces
  • Meltzoff: infant imitation (i.e. tongue)
  • Hatfield (1990): watch video of man telling happy/sad story
  • Provine (1986): yawning
36
Q

helping people with a babyface

A
  • computer gen. faces
  • attached to resume
  • “lost” in US and Kenya
  • measure of helping=return
  • more baby face resumes returned in both cultures
  • babyface elicits helping response
37
Q

measurement of facial expression

A
  • human judgments: observer judgment, direct measurement (muscle actions)
  • physiological measurement: facial EMG (electromygrophy)

Nonverbal comm-Midterm 2 (23 decks)

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