Regulation Flashcards
the turn taking system factoids
- 50% of all turns that occur in conversations are smooth
- a “smooth turn transition” occurs when the floor switches from Person A to Person B without a perceptible pause
- these turn transitions occur in less than 250 ms
2 speaker behaviors
- turn yielding cues
- turn holding cues
2 listener behaviors
- backchannel comm.
- turn requesting cues
simultaneous turns
when both participants claim speaking turn at the same time (ex: Fox News)
simultaneous talk
-both speakers are making utterances at the same time (but not always trying to take the floor)
simultaneous turns occur when
- the listener attempts to take a turn in the absence of a turn yielding cue or
- the speaker emits a turn yielding cue but continues to talk
turn yielding cues (6) (speaker)
-change in intonation (drop or rise)
-sociocentric sequence (Bernstein, 1962) ex: “ya know?”
-drawl
-termination of gestures
-drop in loudness
-completion of a grammatical clause
(Green light)
turn holding cues (3) (speaker)
- maintenance of active gaze
- gaze initiation without a yielding cue
- gesture
turn requesting cues (6) (listener)
- backchannels (according to Wiemann)-utterances “uh” “yeah” “sure”, not taking floor
- speaker directed gaze
- audible inhalation (take a audible breathe)
- forward lean
- gesture (raising hand)
- a stutter start (ex: Austin Powers)
backchannels (5) (listener)
- listeners participate in convo via backchannels (i.e. brief gestures, vocalizations, head nods, etc)
- backchannel elicited in “gaze window”
- backchannels do not constitute a turn or claim to one
- backchannels are used to AVOID taking the floor
- backchannels are also elicited by: sentence completions, request for clarification, and restatement
definitions of interruptions
- to take the floor in absence of turn yielding cues
- different from simultaneous speech**
- attempted v. successful interruptions (volume)
responses to interruptions
- people attempt to maintain the floor after an attempted interruption by increasing loudness
- success depends upon giving out the lowest number of turn yielding cues and the most turn requesting cues
- interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions
sex differences in interruptions?
- men do not interrupt any more than women did in general
- women do not get interrupted anymore than men in general
- there were more opposite sex interruptions, both M>F and F>M than same sex
- women smiled, agreed, nodded, laughed more in response to interruption than men.
- this shows evidence of a greater attempt to facilitate the flow of conversation
interruptions and status perceptions
- people who interrupt are perceived as having higher status than people who are interrupted
- people who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in convos
- interrupters, esp. female, are perceived as less likable
- dilemma: interrupting produces perceptions of higher status but lower likability
deep and/or intrusive interruptions
- more aggressive
- threaten the “territory” of the speaker by means of topic-changing, floor taking, or disagreement
