Chapter 9 Workbook Questions

Question 1

During acute appendicitis, the contribution of the somatosensory nociceptive afferents is which of the following?
A. Regulation of visceral function
B. Production of skeletal muscle guarding to protect the appendix
C. Modulation of respiratory function
D. Signaling visceral distress to the brain
E. Signaling conscious awareness of pain in the umbilical region

Answer 1

F: Stimulation of nociceptive second-order neurons results in pain sensation referred to the umbilical region (see Figure 9-4).

Question 2

Areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate autonomic control include which of the following?
	A. Thalamus
	B. Hypothalamus
	C. Limbic system
	D. Both A and B
	E. A, B, and C

Answer 2

E: The hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system modulate brainstem autonomic control.

Question 3

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of the autonomic efferent system?
A. Innervates blood vessels in skeletal muscle.
B. Hormones regulate effector control.
C. Is usually a two-neuron pathway with a synapse outside the CNS.
D. Activation of effectors is usually voluntary.
E. Neurotransmitters are used for signaling.

Answer 3

D: Unlike the somatic nervous system, regulation of autonomic functions is typically nonconscious and can be exerted by hormones.

Question 4

Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate the heart

Answer 4

Acetylcholine

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?

Preganglionic autonomic neurons

Answer 5

Acetylcholine

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 6

Acetylcholine

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most vessels in skeletal muscle

Answer 7

Norepinephrine

Question 8

Sympathetic activation does NOT produce which of the following?
A. Increased blood flow to active muscles
B. Increased blood glucose levels
C. Increased digestive activity
D. Dilation of bronchioles
E. Increased heart rate

Answer 8

C: The role of the sympathetic nervous system is often illustrated by describing the physiologic responses to fear. When an individual feels threatened, the sympathetic nervous system prepares for vigorous muscle activity; that is, it prepares for fight or flight. Vasoconstriction in the skin and gut increases blood flow to active muscles. Blood glucose levels increase, bronchi and coronary vessels dilate, and blood pressure and heart rate increase. Simultaneously, sympathetic firing reduces activity in the digestive system.

Question 9

Capacitance vessels include which of the following?
A. Skeletal muscle veins and venules
B. Arterioles in the skin
C. Arterioles in the CNS
D. Skeletal muscle arteries and arterioles
E. Arteries in the abdomen

Answer 9

A: Skeletal muscle veins and venules are called capacitance vessels because blood pools in these vessels when their walls are relaxed.

Question 10

Drugs that block beta-1 (β1) receptors are used to treat which one of the following?
	A. Asthma
	B. Excess sweating
	C. Metabolic disorders
	D. Tachycardia
	E. Vagus nerve disorders

Answer 10

D: β1-blockers decrease heart rate and contractility without affecting the airways.

Question 11

Pupil constriction

What system produces this effect?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 12

Emptying of the bladder

What system produces this effect?

Answer 12

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 13

Pupil dilation

What system produces this effect?

Answer 13

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 14

Skeletal muscle contraction

What system produces this effect?

Answer 14

Somatic nervous system

Question 15

Optimizing blood flow in the organs

What system produces this effect?

Answer 15

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 16

Decreased heart rate

What system produces this effect?

Answer 16

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 17

Complete severance of a peripheral nerve

What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?

Answer 17

Loss of control of smooth muscle in blood vessels, temperature regulation, and sweating in a peripheral nerve distribution

Question 18

Complete severance of the cervical spinal cord

What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?

Answer 18

Total loss of voluntary control of the bladder, bowel, and genital function; poor regulation of blood pressure and core body temperature

Question 19

Lesion in the brainstem

What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?

Answer 19

Interference with regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, or respiration; may affect pupil constriction, tear production, salivation, or visceral regulation

Question 20

Lesion in the hypothalamus region

What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?

Answer 20

Disruption of behavior and metabolism; may cause abnormalities of weight control and thermoregulation

Question 21

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
A. Autonomic nuclei of the brainstem
B. Lateral horn of spinal cord T1-L2 levels
C. Lateral horn of spinal cord S2-S4 levels
D. Ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord
E. Ganglia near the thoracic cavity

Answer 21

B: Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter from the T1 to L2 levels.

Question 22

Autonomic regulation of the heart is dependent on which one of the following?
A. Parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve
B. Sympathetic fibers from the thoracic level
C. Periaqueductal gray
D. Both A and B
E. A, B, and C

Answer 22

D: Sympathetic effects on the thoracic viscera include increasing heart rate and contractility (see Figure 9-11). Parasympathetic efferent fibers in the vagus nerve innervate the heart and the smooth muscle of the lungs and digestive system. Vagus nerve activity to the heart produces either bradycardia (slowing of the heart rate) or decreased cardiac contraction force.

Question 23

Which one of the following signs occurs in Horner’s syndrome?
A. Drooping of the upper eyelid
B. Constriction of the pupil of the eye
C. Vasodilation of skin, with an absence of sweating on the ipsilateral side of the face and neck
D. Both A and B
E. A, B, and C

Answer 23

E: If a lesion affects the sympathetic pathway to the head, then sympathetic activity on one side of the head is decreased. This reduction leads to ipsilateral drooping of the upper eyelid, constriction of the pupil, and skin vasodilation, with the absence of sweating on the ipsilateral side of the face and neck.

Question 24

Which one of the following is NOT a cause of syncope?
	A. Insufficient cardiac output
	B. Hypoxia
	C. Hyperglycemia
	D. Strong emotions
	E. Hypoglycemia

Answer 24

C: Syncope (fainting) is a brief loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain. Causes include powerful emotions, insufficient cardiac output, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia.