Chapter 15 Workbook Questions Flashcards
The anterior (basilar) section of the brainstem contains which of the following? A. Descending axons from the cerebral cortex B. Superior and inferior colliculi C. Reticular formation D. Predominantly sensory pathways E. All of the above
A
The posterior (tegmentum) section of the brainstem contains which of the following? A. Reticular formation B. Ascending sensory tracts C. Cranial nerve nuclei D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus E. All of the above
E
Which of the following are functions of the reticular formation? A. Regulation of vital functions B. Regulation of somatic motor activity by the reticulospinal tracts C. Analgesia by activation of inhibitory interneurons in the ventral horn D. A and B E. A, B, and C
D
The part of the brainstem that supplies dopamine to cerebral areas involved in motivation and decision making is which of the following? A. Ventral tegmental area B. Pedunculopontine nucleus C. Raphe nuclei D. Locus coeruleus E. Nucleus cuneatus
A
What part of the brainstem produces acetylcholine? A. Substantia nigra compacta B. Pedunculopontine nucleus C. Raphe nuclei D. Locus coeruleus E. Medial lemniscus
B
Which neurotransmitter, produced by the midbrain raphe nuclei, has major effects on mood? A. Serotonin B. Acetylcholine C. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) D. Norepinephrine E. Dopamine
A
Activity of which nucleus regulates the ability to direct attention to stimuli in the environment? A. Ventral tegmental area B. Pedunculopontine nucleus C. Raphe nuclei D. Locus coeruleus E. Medial reticular area
D
Where are the sensory or autonomic nuclei located for cranial nerves VII, VIII, IX, and X? A. Dorsal caudal medulla B. Dorsal rostral medulla C. Dorsal pons D. Dorsal midbrain E. Ventral midbrain
B
Cranial nerve nuclei in the pons are involved in which of the following? A. Processing somatosensory information from the face B. Controlling lateral movements of the eyes C. Controlling the muscles of facial expression and mastication D. A and B E. A, B, and C
E
Which of the following is(are) function(s) of the parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve? A. Control of the lateral movements of the eye B. Control of the medial, superior, and inferior rectus muscles and the inferior oblique muscle C. Control of the pupillary sphincter and the ciliary muscle D. A and B E. A, B, and C
C
What is the name for descending tracts from the cortex to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves?
Corticobrainstem
KJ has paresis of the left lower face yet is able to close both eyes voluntarily and able to laugh and cry normally. Does she have an upper or a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial muscle innervation?
The inability to voluntarily move the lower left face yet close the left eye voluntarily indicates a lesion in the upper motor neuron pathway from the right cerebral cortex because the upper motor neuron input to the facial nerve is contralateral. The upper motor neuron input is bilateral to the facial nerve that innervates the upper face, so an upper motor neuron lesion spares voluntary control of the upper face. A complete lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve would prevent all neural signals from reaching the muscles on one side of the face, so the person would be unable to close the ipsilateral eye and unable to contract any muscles on the affected side of the face.
FC has a loss of pain and temperature sensation from the right face, a loss of facial expression on the right including the upper face, a loss of pain and temperature sensation from the left body, ataxic movements on the right side of the body, deafness affecting the right ear, and problems with nausea, postural control, and control of head position and eye movements. Where is the lesion?
This mix of deficits involving the right and left sides indicates the lesion is on the right side of the pontine region of the brainstem. The lack of pain and temperature sensation from the right face indicates an interruption of the right spinal tract and/or spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The loss of pain and temperature sensation from the left body indicates a lesion of the spinothalamic tract on the right side. The loss of control of muscles of facial expression on the right indicates a lesion of the facial nucleus on the right side. Deafness on the right side indicates that the lesion affects the right cochlear nucleus. The problems with nausea, postural control and control of head position and eye movements indicate damage to the vestibular nuclei. The ataxic movements on the right side indicate that connections with the cerebellum are interrupted, and the cerebellar peduncle nearest the involved cranial nerve nuclei is the middle cerebellar peduncle.
Reduced attention, orientation, and perception, associated with confused ideas and agitation What is the name for the disorder described?
Delerium
Sleeping more than awake; drowsy and confused when awake What is the name for the disorder described?
Obtunded
Name each structure in this crossection of the pons
Name each structure indicated in the crossection of the medulla
Name each structure indicated in the crossection of the midbrain
