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Anatomy > Test 2c > Flashcards

Test 2c Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic degenerative condition with “wear and tear” on joints

A

Osteoarthritis

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2
Q

What in particular does osteoarthritis affect?

A

Articular cartilage

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3
Q

What happens to the bone from osteoarthritis

A

Thickens

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4
Q

Which type of arthritis is more common in women?

A

RA

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5
Q

Chronic and inflammatory auto-immune arthritis

A

RA

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6
Q

Inflamed and thickened synovial membrane erodes articular cartilage and forms scar tissue

A

Pannus

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7
Q

What specifically happens to during RA

A

Inflammatory cells from blood enter joint cavity and release chemicals that destroy body tissues

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8
Q

Uric acid accumulates in blood and deposits as needle shaped crystals in the soft tissues of the joints

A

Gout

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9
Q

Bone thinning disease that results in fragile bones that fracture easily

A

Osteoporosis

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10
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

Poor intake of calcium and protein, lack of vitamin D, insufficient weight bearing exercise, parathyroid disease

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11
Q

Vitamin D deficiency as a result of inadequate exposure to sunlight and poor dietary intake

A

Rickets

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12
Q

WHat happens during rickets

A

bending of the bones at the cartilage, shaft junction due to shaft weakness

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13
Q

Progressive neoplastic disease of marrow plasma cell tumors

A

Multiple myeloma

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14
Q

Most common bone cancer other than MM

A

Osteogenic sarcoma

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15
Q

Where does osteogenic sarcoma usually metastasize to?

A

Lungs

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16
Q

Where is osteogenic sarcoma most common?

A

knee

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17
Q

What kind of bones are especially vulnerable to ewing’s sarcoma?

A

Extremities

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18
Q

Essential function of muscular tissue

A

Contract or shorten

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19
Q

3 types of muscle tissues

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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20
Q

Anchor muscles to bone, cartilage or connective tissue

A

Tendons

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21
Q

General schematic of muscle

A

Thousands of fibers bundled together by connective tissue

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22
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

Produces movement, blood return

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23
Q

What are muscle fibers individually wrapped in

A

Endomysium

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24
Q

What are multiple muscle fibers wrapped in?

A

Perimysium

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25
Q

What is a bundle of multiple muscle fibers called

A

Fascicle

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26
Q

What are many fascicles bound together by

A

Epimysium

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27
Q

Chains of contractile muscle units

A

Sarcomere

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28
Q

Sarcomeres are aligned ________ the entire length of myofibril

A

End to end

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29
Q

What does arrangement of myofilaments produce?

A

Banding pattern

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30
Q

Thick muscle filaments

A

Myosin filament

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31
Q

Thin muscle filaments

A

Actin filament

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32
Q

4 unique properties of muscle tissues

A

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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33
Q

Property of muscle tissues that is able to receive stimulus

A

excitability

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34
Q

Propertry of muscle tissues that is able to shorten

A

contractility

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35
Q

Propertry of muscle tissues that is able to be stretched

A

extensibility

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36
Q

Propertry of muscle tissues that is able to recoil to resting length

A

elasticity

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37
Q

What is the muscular system stimulated by

A

nerve impulses

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38
Q

What makes up a motor unit

A

One neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates

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39
Q

Long extension from neuron cell body that goes to the muscle

A

axon

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40
Q

tiny branches of axon that form junction with the sarcolemma of muscle cells

A

Axon terminal

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41
Q

Junction of axon terminal and sarcolemma

A

Neuromuscular junction

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42
Q

Gap between axon terminal and muscle cell sarcolemma

A

synaptic cleft

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43
Q

what is a synaptic cleft filled with

A

interstitial fluid

44
Q

Specific neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

45
Q

When postsynaptic receptor for ACh gets blocked

A

Myasthenia graves (MG)

46
Q

State of continuous partial contraction stimulated by the nervous system

A

muscle tone

47
Q

Cannot contract muscle; limp; loss of muscle tone

A

flaccid

48
Q

decrease in muscle size or muscle wasting; shrink and shrivel up

A

atrophy

49
Q

increase in muscle size; a lot of muscle

A

hypertrophy

50
Q

The place of attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone

A

origin

51
Q

The place of attachment of a muscle to the bone it moves

A

insertion

52
Q

Exception to the rule that movement usually occurs where muscles cross joints

A

lips

53
Q

Movement is determined by what?

A

type of joint the muscle crosses

54
Q

Skeletal muscle only ____, does not ____

A

pulls, push

55
Q

During contraction, the muscle insertion site moves _____ to the muscle origin

A

closer

56
Q

Sagittal plane movement in which the angle between the bones is decreased

A

flexion

57
Q

Sagittal plane movement in which the angle between the bones is increased

A

extension

58
Q

Coronal plane movement in which the body part is moved away from the midline

A

abduction

59
Q

coronal plane movement in which the body part is moved closer to the midline

A

adduction

60
Q

movement of a body part around a longitudinal axis

A

rotation

61
Q

Ways in which a 1 axis joint can move

A

flexion, extension

62
Q

ways in which a 2 axis joint can move

A

flexion, extension, medial, lateral

63
Q

ways in which a 3 axis joint can move

A

flexion, extension, IR, ER, abduciton, adduction

64
Q

A combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

A

Circumduction

65
Q

Upwards movement of ankle; lifting foot so that the superior surface of the foot moves closer to the shin

A

dorsiflexion

66
Q

Downwards movement of ankle; pointing the foot down

A

Plantarflexion

67
Q

movement which turns the sole of the foot medially

A

inversion

68
Q

movement which turns the sole of the foot laterally

A

eversion

69
Q

Forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces upwards

A

supination

70
Q

forearm rotates medially sot that the palm faces downwards

A

Pronation

71
Q

Movement in which the thumb and finger tips of the same hand are in contact

A

opposition

72
Q

movement forwards/anteriorly in sagittal plane that extends in length

A

protraction

73
Q

movement backwards/posteriorly in the sagittal plane that shortens in length

A

retraction

74
Q

Movement of the wrist medially or laterally in the coronal plane

A

medial and lateral deviation

75
Q

Direction of rectus fibers

A

straight/parallel

76
Q

Direction of oblique fibers

A

at an angle

77
Q

7 sizes of muscle

A

maximus, minimus, longus, brevis, medius, major, minor

78
Q

Origin of sternum, inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone

A

Sternocleidomastoid

79
Q

Concentric rings of muscle fibers

A

circular

80
Q

Muscle fascicles converge towards a single tendon for insertion

A

convergent

81
Q

fascicles run parallel the length of the muscles

A

parallel

82
Q

a variation of parallel arrangement that results in spindle shaped muscle with an expanded belly

A

fusiform

83
Q

feather-like muscle fibers

A

pennate

84
Q

3 types of pennate muscle fibers

A

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

85
Q

Where do rotator cuff muscles originate?

A

Scapula

86
Q

4 muscles of rotator cuff

A

Supraspiantus, Infraspiantus, teres minor, subscapularis (SITS)

87
Q

Where do hamstring muscles originate

A

Tuberosity of ischium

88
Q

Where do hamstring muscles insert

A

proximal tibia

89
Q

3 muscles of hamstrings

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

90
Q

Muscle group that extends the knee

A

Quadriceps

91
Q

4 muscles of quadriceps

A

Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris (two joint)

92
Q

2 muscles of plantarflexion

A

Soleus, gastrocnemius

93
Q

Stretching or tearing of a muscle

A

strain

94
Q

stretching or tearing of a tendon

A

sprain

95
Q

Protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normal contains it

A

hernia

96
Q

Portion of the small intestine enters the inguinal canal

A

Inguinal hernia

97
Q

Congenital muscle diseases where groups of muscle are destroyed

A

muscular dystrophy (MD)

98
Q

Muscle for chewing, closing jaw

A

Master

99
Q

Muscle for forcing lips together

A

mnetalis

100
Q

Muscle of eye

A

obicularis

101
Q

Turns head to opposite direction that other

A

Sternocleidomastoid

102
Q

Muscle that jaw above hyoid bone

A

Platysma

103
Q

Internal rotation muscles

A

Subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, teres major (SPLAT)

104
Q

External rotation muscles

A

Teres minor, infrespinatus, posterior deltoid, supraspinatus (TIPS)

105
Q

Muscles for shoulder retraction, pinches shoulders together

A

Rhomboids

106
Q

3 elbow flexors

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Anatomy (11 decks)

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