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Anatomy > Test 4b > Flashcards

Test 4b Flashcards

1
Q

Veins vs. arteries: Thicker

A

Arteries

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2
Q

Veins vs. arteries: Lower pressure

A

Veins

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3
Q

Veins vs. arteries: Larger lumen

A

Veins

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4
Q

Veins vs. arteries: Valves to prevent back flow

A

Arteries/veins

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5
Q

Veins vs. arteries: thicker tunica media

A

Arteries

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6
Q

Veins vs. arteries: Deeper in body

A

Arteries

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7
Q

Veins vs. arteries: assisted by skeletal muscle activity

A

Veins

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8
Q

What do capillaries consist of?

A

One cell thick - tunica intima only

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9
Q

Interweaving of capillaries

A

Beds

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10
Q

Flow of blood through capillary bed

A

Microcirculation

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11
Q

Largest artery

A

Aorta

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12
Q

Where does aorta arise?

A

Left ventricle

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13
Q

4 parts of aorta

A

Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, abdominal aorta

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14
Q

Largest veins

A

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava

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15
Q

Where do vena cavae converge?

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

What part of body does vena cavae drain from?

A

Upper and lower regions of body

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17
Q

How are nutrients, gases, and waste exchanged in a fetus?

A

Placenta

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18
Q

How many vessels does an umbilical cord have?

A

3 vessels

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19
Q

How many veins/arteries does an umbilical cord have?

A

1, 2

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20
Q

Part that allows blood to bypass the liver and enter inferior vena cava in a fetus?

A

Ductus venosus

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21
Q

Opening in the septum of atria that allows some blood to go directly from right to left atrium in a fetus

A

Foramen ovale

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22
Q

A short vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta in a fetus

A

Ductus arteriosus

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23
Q

After birth, what happens to foramen ovale?

A

Closes

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24
Q

After birth, what does the ductus arteriosus collapse into?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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25
Q

Narrowing of arteries due to build up of fatty plaques

A

Arteriosclerosis

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26
Q

2 vessels most affected by arteriosclerosis

A

Aorta and coronary arteries

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27
Q

Stationary blood clot

A

Thrombus

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28
Q

Blood clot that has broken off from vessel wall and travels

A

Embolus

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29
Q

Plaque build up inside coronary arteries that impedes blood flow to cardiac tissue

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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30
Q

Removal of vessel from periphery which is used to re-establish better circulation of the heart by re-routing the blood flow around the blockage

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CAMBG)

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31
Q

Left ventricular heart failure that results in decreased cardiac output, increased pressure in left atrium, and increased pressure in pulmonary veins

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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32
Q

During CHF, what happens to the lungs?

A

Increase in pressure, allowing fluid to seep into interstitial tissue causing edema

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33
Q

Right ventricular heart failure which results in increased pressure in right atrium and increased pressure in vena cavae

A

Cor Pulmonale

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34
Q

Disturbance in electrical system of heart where atria “quiver” more than contract

A

Atrial Fibrillation

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35
Q

2 things that can result from atrial fibrillation

A

Possibility of blood stagnation and clotting, and stroke

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36
Q

Living blood cells of blood

A

Formed elements

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37
Q

Nonliving fluid matrix of blood

A

Plasma

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38
Q

Percentage of blood that contains red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

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39
Q

% blood volume of erythrocytes

A

45%

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40
Q

% blood volume of leukocytes

A

> 1%

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41
Q

% blood volume of platelets

A

<1%

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42
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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43
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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44
Q

Cell fragments for clotting

A

Platelets

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45
Q

pH of blood

A

Slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)

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46
Q

Temperature of blood

A

100.4 F

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47
Q

% blood volume of plasma

A

55%

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48
Q

What percent of plasma is water?

A

90%

49
Q

How many different dissolved substances does plasma contain?

A

> 100

50
Q

Molecule carrier, blood buffer, osmotic pressure of bloodstream regulator, keeps water in circulatory system, and nutritional marker

A

Albumin

51
Q

Help stop blood loss when blood vessels are injured

A

Proteins

52
Q

Protection from pathogens

A

Antibodies

53
Q

What happens when pH of blood is too high or too low?

A

Body organs triggered to make adjustments (kidneys, lungs)

54
Q

Main function of RBCs

A

Carry oxygen to all cells

55
Q

3 cellular characteristics of RBCs

A

No nucleus, very few organelles, lack mitochondria

56
Q

Iron bearing protein that transports oxygen in the blood

A

Hemoglobin

57
Q

Cell shape of RBCs

A

Biconcave - flattened discs with thin centers on both sides

58
Q

How many RBCs in one drop of blood?

A

5,000,000

59
Q

How many molecules of hemoglobin does 1 RBC contain?

A

250,000,000

60
Q

How many oxygens can a hemoglobin bind?

A

4

61
Q

Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

A

Anemia

62
Q

2 symptoms of anemia

A

Abnormally low RBC count, abnormal level of hemoglobin

63
Q

Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs

A

Polycythemia

64
Q

What is polycythemia an indication of?

A

Bone marrow cancer

65
Q

Sudden hemorrhage

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

66
Q

Lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infections

A

Hemolytic anemia

67
Q

Lack of vitamin B12

A

Pernicious anemia

68
Q

Lack of RBC production or destruction of RBC due to bone marrow cancer, XRT, or medications

A

Anaplastic anemia

69
Q

Lack of iron intake in diet which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin

A

Iron deficient anemia

70
Q

2 cellular characteristics of WBCs

A

Contains nucleus and organelles

71
Q

WBCs slip into and out of blood vessels

A

Diapedesis

72
Q

WBCs locate areas of tissue damage and infection by responding to chemicals of damaged cells

A

Positive chemotaxis

73
Q

Method that WBCs move through tissue spaces

A

Ameboid motion

74
Q

Excessive amount of WBCs

A

Leukocytosis

75
Q

Abnormally low WBC count

A

Leukopenia

76
Q

WBCs that contain granules in cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes

77
Q

WBCs that lack granules in cytoplasm

A

Agranulocytes

78
Q

What shape nuclei do granulocytes have?

A

Round lobes

79
Q

What shape nuclei do a granulocytes have?

A

Spherical, oval, kidney shaped

80
Q

Most numerous granulocytes

A

Neutrophils

81
Q

What do neutrophils attack?

A

Bacteria/fungi

82
Q

What kind of nucleus do neutrophils have?

A

Multi-lobed, fine granules

83
Q

Red granules

A

Eosinophils

84
Q

What do eosinophils attack

A

Parasitic worms and fight allergies

85
Q

Rarest WBC that contain histamine granules

A

Basophils

86
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Fight inflammation

87
Q

Agranulocytes with large, dark nuclei

A

Lymphocytes

88
Q

Where do lymphocytes reside?

A

Lymphatic tissue

89
Q

Largest WBCs with U shaped nucleus

A

Monocytes

90
Q

What do monocytes fight

A

Chronic infections

91
Q

Cancer of bone marrow and countless WBCs are produced

A

Leukemia

92
Q

What is wrong with WBCs made in a person with leukemia

A

Immature and not able to carry out normal function

93
Q

Multi-nucleate cells that form platelets

A

Megakaryocytes

94
Q

Abnormal bleeding due to low platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

95
Q

Inability to make usual clotting factors

A

Liver problems

96
Q

What can cause liver problems

A

Low vitamin K levels, hepatitis, cirrhosis

97
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder that results in a lack of any of the clotting factors

A

Hemophilia

98
Q

Blood cell formation

A

Hematopoiesis

99
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow/myeloid tissue

100
Q

Common type of stem cell from which all blood cells arise

A

Hemocytoblast

101
Q

2 types of cells formed by hemocytoblast

A

Lymphoid stem cell, myeloid stem cell

102
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells produce?

A

Lymphocytes

103
Q

What do myeloid stem cells produce?

A

All other formed elements

104
Q

Young RBC that enter blood stream to start transporting oxygen

A

Reticulocyte

105
Q

How long does it take for a RBC to become fully functional

A

3-5 days

106
Q

Hormone that controls RBC production

A

Erythropoietin

107
Q

What produces erythropoietin

A

Liver, kidneys

108
Q

Prompt red bone marrow to turn out new WBCs and also summon other WBCs to protect the body

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

109
Q

Speeds up platelet production

A

Thrombopoietin

110
Q

Stoppage of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

111
Q

3 steps of response to injured tissue cells

A

Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation/blood formation

112
Q

Smooth muscle spasms

A

Vasoconstriction

113
Q

What do platelets stick to?

A

Exposed underlying collagen

114
Q

What do platelets do once they attach to collagen

A

Release chemicals to cause more vasospasms and attract more platelets to form platelet plug

115
Q

What do injured tissues release to enhance clotting

A

Tissue factor (TF)

116
Q

Converts prothrombin to thrombin

A

Prothrombin activator

117
Q

What does thrombin join to in order to form fibrin

A

Fibrinogen

118
Q

Makes mesh to trap RBCs to make a clot

A

Fibrin

Anatomy (11 decks)

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