20th Century Architecture Flashcards
(13 cards)
The International Style: Architecture Since 1922
- authors Hitchcock and Johnson, 1932
- announced European Modernism as a style, renames it the International
Adolf Loos
- affiliated w/Vienna Secession, became estranged from it
- worked and traveled in the US, influenced by the Chicago School and Louis Sullivan
- against inclusion of ornament
- new method of spatial composition, the Raumplan
Moller House
- Moller House
- Vienna
- Adolf Loos
- 1930
- architectural elements parts within a balanced asymmetrical whole (doors, windows, etc.)
- multiple ceiling heights and mezzanine levels
- bold openings b/w spaces
- overt use of stairs to unify vertical spaces
- rich materials on interior
Frank Lloyd Wright
- profoundly influenced by Louis Sullivan
- early years explored many styles
- Winslow House first independent commission
- Prairie House from search for regional expression
Winslow House
- Winslow House
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- River Forest, IL
- 1893
- symmetrical w/Sullivanesque ornament
- organized around central fireplace and dominated by horizontal lines
- broadened chimney mass
- house hugs the ground
Prairie House
- the Prairie House
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Chicago, IL
- 1909
- search for appropriate regional expression
- low to the ground
- tied organically to landscape
- brick and standard lumber sizes
- flowing interior spaces (open concept)
- environmental factors: broad overhangs, cross ventilation, central fireplace
Larkin Building
- Larkin Building
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Buffalo, NY
- 1904
- forward looking (A/C, modular furnishings and flexibility, employee recreation, suspended toilet bowls)
- demolished in 1949 to create a parking lot
Deutscher Werkbund
- Deutscher Werkbund
- Peter Behrens
- Berlin
- 1909
- polygonal roof over factory hall
- no applied ornament
- exposed steel frame
- concrete panels dominate end elevations
- front window projects beyond concrete
- lower 2-story block on left w/bank of windows and concrete follow classical proportions
Futurism
- developed by Filippo Marinetti in Italy in 1909
- Italian culture and architecture in decrepitude
- called for radical transformation: paving Venice’s canals; praised speed, danger, audacity and war as cleanser of society
- announced end of traditional space and time
- found inspiration in Cubism
- Antonio Sant’Elia most famous Futurist architect
Città Nuova
- Sant’Elia
- 1914
- bold massing
- no ornament
- verticality and battered walls
- layered horizontal circulation
- external elevators
- exposed power production facilities
Constructivism
- Russia
- rejection of idea of autonomous art
- promoted art as practice for social purposes
- imagined architecture driven forward by forces of industrialization
- ideas exceeded technical capabilities of country
- promoted use of steel, concrete, lots of glass
Rusakov Worker’s Club
- Rusakov Worker’s Club
- Moscow
- Melnikov
- 1927-28
- fan-shaped plan, designed as theater for workers in nearby printing factories
- 3 cantilevered seating areas can be used as separate auditoriums or combined
- reinforced concrete, brick, glass
Modern Architecture
- complex and polemic
- disillusionment after WW2, architecture should play central role in transformation
- believed rational, economical and functional designs best produced through mechanization