2.1 Flashcards

(26 cards)

1
Q

Atavism

A

The idea that criminals are “throwbacks” to more primitive stage of evolution

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2
Q

Endomorph

A

Rounded, soft bodied, lacking muscle
Sociable, relaxed, outgoing

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3
Q

Ectomorph

A

Thin, fragile, lacking fat and muscle. Flat chested, narrow hips and shoulders, thin face.
Self-conscious, emotionally restrained, thoughtful

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4
Q

Mesomorph

A

Muscular, hard-bodied, little fat, strong limbs, broad shoulders, narrow waist.
Adventurous, sensation-seeking, assertive, domineering

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5
Q

Physiological theories

A

These biological theories claim the physical features of criminals differ from non-criminals

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6
Q

Biological theories

A

Criminals are biologically different from non-criminals and this is different causes them to commit crime

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7
Q

Genetic explanation

A

Criminality is the result of genes inherited from biological parents

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8
Q

Monozygotic

A

Identical twins which share 100% of their genes

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9
Q

Dizygotic

A

Non-identical twins which only share half the same genes

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10
Q

Environmental explanations

A

Criminality is the result of the surroundings a child grows up in

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11
Q

Chromosome

A

Made from DNA and proteins. Carry genetic information we inherit from our parents. Most have 23 pairs

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12
Q

Super-male

A

Another term for XYY syndrome. Those affected have an extra Y chromosome

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13
Q

EEG

A

measures brain activity

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14
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone linked to aggression, murder and rape

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15
Q

PMT (pre-menstrual tension)

A

Fluctuating in female sex hormones

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16
Q

PND (post-natal depression)

A

used in defence in infancide

17
Q

Lactation

A

Used as defence in females crimes

18
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

(low bood sugar) Linked to aggression and alcohol abuse

19
Q

Twin Studies- Prison

A

Johannes Lange (1929)- Concordance rate higher in MZ twins. 10/13 MZ showed concordance vs 2/17 DZ.

20
Q

Adoption study

A

Crowe (1972)- Compared adopted children whose biological mother had a criminal record vs a control group and found that 50% of group A had gone on to have a criminal record by 18 vs the control group at 5%

21
Q

Lombroso’s theory

A

Criminals had atavistic features. Criminals have specific physical features

22
Q

Lombroso’s Study

A

Out of 4000 offenders, 40% had atavistic features

23
Q

Who looked at body types?

24
Q

What are the 2 ways brains can be considered abnormal

A

Brain injury + brain disease

25
Phinease Gage
Metal pole entered his face through his cheek and out of the top of his head. Pole went through his pre-frontal cortex. This changed his personality from calm and polite to impulsive and reckless.
26
Raine
PET scans to study the living brains of impulsive killers. Damage was found in the pre-frontal cortex in the brains of criminals, the part of the brain that controls impulsive behaviour