21-23

Question 2

What is the difference between Diabetes Insipidus (DI) and SIADH?

Answer 2

DI = Low ADH, high urine output, hypernatremia. SIADH = High ADH, low urine output, hyponatremia.

Question 3

Causes of Neurogenic DI vs Nephrogenic DI?

Answer 3

Neurogenic DI: Brain tumors, head injury. Nephrogenic DI: Kidney damage (drugs, pyelonephritis).

Question 4

Clinical signs of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 4

Intense thirst, polyuria, dry mucous membranes, hypernatremia.

Question 5

Clinical signs of SIADH?

Answer 5

Muscle cramps, weakness, confusion, seizures from hyponatremia.

Question 6

How to differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary hormone disorders?

Answer 6

Primary: End gland problem. Secondary: Pituitary problem. Tertiary: Hypothalamus problem.

Question 7

Manifestations of a lactotrophic pituitary adenoma?

Answer 7

Females: Amenorrhea, galactorrhea. Males: Erectile dysfunction, low libido.

Question 8

What is Panhypopituitarism?

Answer 8

Deficiency of all pituitary hormones.

Question 9

Growth Hormone (GH) other name?

Answer 9

Somatotropin.

Question 10

Signs of GH/IGF-1 deficiency in children?

Answer 10

Short stature, obesity, immature facial features, delayed puberty.

Question 11

Cardiovascular risks of GH deficiency in adults?

Answer 11

Hyperlipidemia, central obesity, insulin resistance.

Question 12

What is Somatopause?

Answer 12

Age-related decline in GH levels.

Question 13

Term for GH excess in children vs adults?

Answer 13

Children: Gigantism. Adults: Acromegaly.

Question 14

Signs of Acromegaly?

Answer 14

Enlarged hands/feet, deep voice, hyperglycemia, sleep apnea.

Question 15

Define Precocious Puberty?

Answer 15

Early activation of puberty before age 6-7 in girls, 9 in boys.

Question 16

Function of iodide in thyroid hormone production?

Answer 16

Necessary for synthesis of T3 and T4 hormones.

Question 17

What lab confirms Hashimoto Thyroiditis?

Answer 17

Anti-TPO antibodies.

Question 18

Common causes of Hypothyroidism?

Answer 18

Hashimoto thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, thyroidectomy.

Question 19

Signs of Hypothyroidism?

Answer 19

Cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation.

Question 20

Common cause of Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

Graves disease.

Question 21

Clinical signs of Graves disease?

Answer 21

Goiter, exophthalmos (eye bulging), dermopathy.

Question 22

Why is thyroid storm life-threatening?

Answer 22

Causes hyperthermia, tachycardia, heart failure, delirium.

Question 23

Clinical signs of Hypocalcemia?

Answer 23

Tetany, muscle cramps, prolonged QT interval.

Question 24

Causes of Hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 24

Surgery (thyroidectomy), autoimmune disease.

Question 25

Signs of Chronic Hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 25

Anxiety, lethargy, cataracts, extrapyramidal symptoms.

Question 26

Primary vs Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 26

Primary: Parathyroid tumor. Secondary: Chronic kidney disease.

Question 27

Symptoms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 27

Fatigue, kidney stones, bone pain, fractures.

Question 28

What hormone does the adrenal cortex primarily produce?

Answer 28

Cortisol (glucocorticoid), aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), and androgens.

Question 29

Role of cortisol?

Answer 29

Increases glucose, suppresses inflammation, catabolism.

Question 30

Cause of Addison Disease?

Answer 30

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex.

Question 31

Signs of Addison Disease?

Answer 31

Weakness, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, nausea.

Question 32

Cause of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency?

Answer 32

Long-term glucocorticoid therapy suppression of HPA axis.

Question 33

Signs of Acute Adrenal Crisis?

Answer 33

Severe hypotension, dehydration, vascular collapse.

Question 34

Causes of Cushing Syndrome?

Answer 34

Pituitary tumor (Cushing disease), adrenal tumor, ectopic ACTH tumor, long-term steroid use.

Question 35

Signs of Cushing Syndrome?

Answer 35

Moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, muscle weakness, osteoporosis.

Question 36

What is DHEA?

Answer 36

Adrenal androgen promoting pubic and axillary hair growth.

Question 37

Purpose of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test?

Answer 37

Tests for Cushing Syndrome by checking cortisol suppression.