24-25

Question 1

What is Peyronie Disease?

Answer 1

Fibrous plaques in the penis causing curved, painful erections.

Question 2

Why is Priapism a urologic emergency?

Answer 2

Prolonged erection (>4 hours) can cause tissue damage and ischemia.

Question 3

Risk factors for Penile Cancer?

Answer 3

HPV infection, poor hygiene, smoking, phimosis, uncircumcised status.

Question 4

What is Testicular Torsion?

Answer 4

Twisting of the spermatic cord → severe pain, swelling, nausea → surgical emergency.

Question 5

Number one risk factor for Testicular Cancer?

Answer 5

Cryptorchidism (undescended testes).

Question 6

Signs of Testicular Cancer?

Answer 6

Painless enlargement, heaviness in scrotum, dull ache, signs of metastasis.

Question 7

Risk factors for BPH?

Answer 7

Aging, hormonal changes (increased DHT, testosterone metabolism).

Question 8

Symptoms of BPH?

Answer 8

Frequency, urgency, nocturia, weak stream, straining, incomplete emptying.

Question 9

Risk factors for Prostate Cancer?

Answer 9

African American race, family history, age >65, high-fat diet.

Question 10

Dietary prevention for Prostate Cancer?

Answer 10

Lycopene (tomatoes), soy, green tea, low-fat diet, selenium, vitamin D.

Question 11

What is PSA?

Answer 11

Prostate Specific Antigen; screening tool for prostate cancer.

Question 12

Common types of Childhood Male Disorders?

Answer 12

Hypospadias, Epispadias, Phimosis, Paraphimosis, Cryptorchidism.

Question 13

Difference between Phimosis and Paraphimosis?

Answer 13

Phimosis = cannot retract foreskin. Paraphimosis = retracted foreskin stuck behind glans.

Question 14

Most common cause of Cervical Cancer?

Answer 14

HPV infection, especially subtypes 16 and 18.

Question 15

How can cervical cancer be prevented?

Answer 15

HPV vaccine (Gardasil), regular Pap smears.

Question 16

Main cause and symptoms of PID?

Answer 16

STI (gonorrhea, chlamydia) → lower abdominal pain, fever, purulent discharge.

Question 17

Risk factors and symptoms of Endometriosis?

Answer 17

Early menarche, nulliparity → pelvic pain, dyspareunia, infertility.

Question 18

Risk factors for Endometrial Cancer?

Answer 18

Obesity, diabetes, unopposed estrogen, PCOS, early menarche.

Question 19

First symptom of Endometrial Cancer?

Answer 19

Painless abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Question 20

What are Leiomyomas?

Answer 20

Benign uterine fibroids; smooth muscle tumors.

Question 21

Symptoms of Leiomyomas?

Answer 21

Heavy periods, anemia, pressure symptoms.

Question 22

Pelvic Organ Prolapse types?

Answer 22

Cystocele (bladder), Rectocele (rectum), Enterocele (small bowel), Uterine prolapse.

Question 23

PCOS pathophysiology?

Answer 23

Insulin resistance + androgen excess → anovulation.

Question 24

PCOS clinical signs?

Answer 24

Hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea, infertility, obesity.

Question 25

Risk factors for Ovarian Cancer?

Answer 25

High ovulatory age, BRCA1/2 mutations, family history, talc use.

Question 26

Signs of Ovarian Cancer?

Answer 26

Bloating, early satiety, abdominal/pelvic pain.

Question 27

Menstrual disorder definitions?

Answer 27

Amenorrhea = no menses; Dysmenorrhea = painful menses; Menorrhagia = heavy bleeding.

Question 28

First sign of Breast Cancer?

Answer 28

Painless lump in upper outer quadrant of breast.

Question 29

Breast Cancer Risk Factors?

Answer 29

BRCA mutations, age, early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity.

Question 30

STI organism types?

Answer 30

Bacteria = Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis; Virus = HPV, Herpes; Parasite = Trichomonas.

Question 31

Common organisms of STIs?

Answer 31

HPV, HSV, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. pallidum, T. vaginalis.

Question 32

Anemia types and classification?

Answer 32

Microcytic = Iron deficiency; Macrocytic = B12/Folate; Normocytic = blood loss.

Question 33

Signs of Iron Deficiency Anemia?

Answer 33

Pallor, pica, koilonychia, fatigue, smooth tongue.

Question 34

Why does B12 deficiency cause neuro symptoms?

Answer 34

It affects myelin production → paresthesia, ataxia, memory issues.

Question 35

Why folic acid deficiency does not cause neuro issues?

Answer 35

It doesn’t affect myelin; only DNA synthesis is impaired.

Question 36

What is Polycythemia Vera?

Answer 36

Overproduction of RBCs → thick blood → red skin, clots, headaches.

Question 37

Signs of Hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?

Answer 37

Jaundice, risk for kernicterus if severe.

Question 38

What is Kernicterus?

Answer 38

Bilirubin-induced brain damage in newborns.

Question 39

Causes of Sickle Cell Crises?

Answer 39

Hypoxia, acidosis, dehydration → sickling of RBCs.

Question 40

What is Neutropenia?

Answer 40

Neutrophils <1500 → ↑ infection risk; <500 = life-threatening.

Question 41

Signs of Infectious Mononucleosis?

Answer 41

Fever, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, splenomegaly.

Question 42

Types of Leukemia?

Answer 42

ALL (kids), AML (adults), CLL (older adults), CML (Philadelphia chromosome).

Question 43

Hodgkin vs Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

Answer 43

Hodgkin: Reed-Sternberg cells; orderly spread. Non-Hodgkin: multiple nodes, more aggressive.

Question 44

What is Multiple Myeloma?

Answer 44

Plasma cell cancer → bone lesions, hypercalcemia, renal failure.

Question 45

Markers of Multiple Myeloma?

Answer 45

M protein, Bence-Jones protein.

Question 46

What is Thrombocytopenia?

Answer 46

Low platelets <150k → petechiae, bleeding, bruising.

Question 47

Causes of Thrombocytopenia?

Answer 47

ITP (autoimmune), HIT (heparin), TTP (enzyme defect), DIC.

Question 48

Hemophilia A cause?

Answer 48

Factor VIII deficiency (X-linked); spontaneous bleeding, especially in joints.

Question 49

DIC signs?

Answer 49

Bleeding and clotting at same time → petechiae, organ failure.

Question 50

What are FDPs?

Answer 50

Fibrin degradation products; elevated in DIC.