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IB Biology > 2.1-2.5 quiz prep > Flashcards

2.1-2.5 quiz prep Flashcards

1
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

A

four, with bonds between carbon atoms being particularly stable (catenation)

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2
Q

What does the number of covalent bonds for carbon allow it to do?

A

Allows for a wide variety of different shapes and structures. (Rings, chains, branches can be created)

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3
Q

What are the different types of carbon compounds?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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4
Q

What are the four macromolecules that make up the molecules that are necessary for life?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are…..

A

Most abundant organic compound found in nature, composed of C, H, and O atoms, functions as a source of energy. An important recognition molecule

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6
Q

Lipids are…..

A

non polar and hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Are a major component of cel membranes, long term energy storage molecule

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7
Q

Nucleic acids are…..

A

Genetic material of all cells and determines the inherited features of an organism. DNA & RNA

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8
Q

Proteins are…..

A

composed of C, H, O and N atoms (some may include S), Major regulatory molecules involved in catalysis, and may also function as structural molecules

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9
Q

Metabolism is…..

A

A web of all enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism.

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10
Q

Where does metabolism occur?

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

What are examples of metabolism?

A

photosynthesis, cell respiration, and protein synthesis

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12
Q

What are the two components of metabolism?

A

anabolism and catabolism

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13
Q

Anabolism is….

A

Reactions that convert simple molecules into larger, more complex molecules.

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14
Q

Why does anabolism occur?

A

to re-form the larger, biochemically important molecules.

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15
Q

What are examples of anabolism?

A

protein synthesis and DNA synthesis, photosynthesis and synthesis of complex carbs

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16
Q

What is the opposite of anabolism?

A

catabolism

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17
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Reactions that break down complex molecules (food) into smaller, simpler molecular forms.

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18
Q

What can catabolism be achieved by?

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Adding water to break molecules down, it requires a molecule of water as a reactant.

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20
Q

What gets released during catabolism?

A

energy

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21
Q

What are examples of catabolism?

A

Digestion and cellular respiration

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22
Q

Are water molecules polar or non polar?

A

polar

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23
Q

What forms between water molecules?

A

hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

having a pair of equal and opposite charges

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25
Q

What is the medium of life?

A

water

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26
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

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27
Q

How does a hydrogen bond form?

A

When the positive end of one water molecule attracts the negative end of another, a hydrogen bond occurs. This allows for water to form droplets, have a surface tension, and move as a “column” in plant vascular tissue.

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28
Q

What is surface tension?

A

the strong cohesive forces of water molecules at the surface, which forms a layer or film that makes it difficult to move an object over the surface.

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29
Q

What is adhesion?

A

the attraction of unlike molecules, such as water and cellulose.

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30
Q

What does cohesion and adhesion do when water moves up through a capillary tube?

A

both cohesion and adhesion are at work. Cohesion pulls the water up the tube; adhesion keeps the water from falling down

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31
Q

What has thermal properties?

A

water

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32
Q

What are the thermal properties of water?

A

High specific heat capacity, High latent heat of vaporization, High boiling point

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33
Q

Why can water dissolve a lot of substances?

A

Because of its polarity. A vast majority of molecules found in and out of cells are also polar molecules.

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34
Q

What are the solvent properties of water?

A

Can be used to dissolve ionic and polar compounds, because of the polar nature of water

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35
Q

Due to water’s excellent solvent properties, what does that make it?

A

water is an excellent transport medium.

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36
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water hating

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37
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

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38
Q

What do hydrophobic molecules include?

A

lipids and hydrocarbons, which are non-polar and aren’t soluble in water.

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39
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars that combine to make larger molecules (glucose, fructose, galactose)

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40
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides joined together. Examples include maltose, lactose, and sucrose.

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41
Q

What is maltose?

A

combination of two glucose molecules.

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42
Q

What is lactose?

A

combination of glucose and galactose

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43
Q

What is sucrose?

A

combination of glucose and fructose.

44
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

chains of monosaccharides that are used in energy storage. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

45
Q

How are disaccharides and polysaccharides constructed?

A

in condensation reactions that remove water from the process.

46
Q

What must happen for condensation reactions that create disaccharides and polysaccharides to occur?

A

molecules must collide in a particular orientation, at a particular speed, and depends on the identity of the reactant.

47
Q

What is used to increase the chances that biochemical reactions take place?

A

enzymes

48
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

49
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins. 20 different kinds.

50
Q

What do amino acids contain?

A

contains an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a central carbon atom with a terminal hydrogen and a variable group denoted as “R.”

51
Q

What do ribosome connect?

A

connect amino acids to make proteins.

52
Q

What does the process that produces a peptide bond create?

A

a protein and a water molecule

53
Q

What do peptide bonds do to make a dipeptide?

A

combines two amino acids

54
Q

What are most proteins?

A

polypeptides

55
Q

When polypeptides are synthesized at ribosomes under the control of DNA, what reaction takes place?

A

a condensation reaction

56
Q

What is the amino acid sequence determined by?

A

DNA

57
Q

What causes the different forms and structures of proteins?

A

their variety of functions

58
Q

What happens when proteins are folded?

A

hydrogen bonds stabilize the molecule

59
Q

How many levels of protein structure are there?

A

4; primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

60
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

single amino acid chains with their own primary structures.

61
Q

What is a polypeptide considered as if it can carry out its function?

A

a protein

62
Q

Are proteins polypeptides?

A

proteins are polypeptides

63
Q

Are all polypeptides proteins?

A

no

64
Q

What is a genome?

A

A specific DNA sequence that is unique to an individual

65
Q

What are proteins denatured by?

A

urea, extreme pH, extreme temperature, extreme salt concentrations (tonicity)

66
Q

What is the set of proteins synthesized by cell called?

A

proteome of the cell

67
Q

What is the sequence and number of amino acids determined by?

A

the cell’s genetic code

68
Q

.

A

.

69
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are long chains of aminos that have taken a 3D shape. These shapes are called globular.

70
Q

What are enzymes built to match?

A

a specific substrate

71
Q

Substrate

A

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

72
Q

What is urea?

A

a waste product of nitrogen metabolism and is eliminated by the kidneys in mammals.

73
Q

What is the name of the area of the enzyme that directly correlates to the substrate?

A

active site

74
Q

What must happen for biological reaction to take place?

A

substrates must collide with the active site in a particular orientation and with a minimum rate of motion so the reaction can take place.

75
Q

Are enzymes used in a reaction?

A

no, ezymes lower the energy required for the reaction, but they themselves are not used up in the reaction.

76
Q

What factors affect enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

A

temperature, pH, concentration of the substrate, and immobilized enzymes

77
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme -catalyzed reactions?

A

Increasing temperature increases the speed at which molecules move and thus collide.

78
Q

How does pH affect enzyme -catalyzed reactions?

A

The pH can change how fast enzyme-catalyzed reactions occur.

79
Q

How does concentration of the substrate affect enzyme -catalyzed reactions?

A

Increasing concentration increases reaction rates because of the number of collisions increase.

80
Q

How does immobilized enzymes of the substrate affect enzyme -catalyzed reactions?

A

allows one to re-use the enzyme for an extended period of time and enables easier separation of the catalyst from the product.

81
Q

catalyst

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

82
Q

Catalase

A

An enzyme produced in all cells to decompose hydrogen peroxide

83
Q

what can produce urea?

A

can be produced by both living and unloving

84
Q

What is vitalism?

A

a theory has since been disproven with the discovery that organic molecules can be artificially synthesised

85
Q

What reaction occurs when a dipeptide is formed from amino acids?

A

condensation

86
Q

What is an organic compound found in both plant and animal cells?

A

Pyruvate

87
Q

Which of the following substances are organic?
I. Phospholipids
II. Oxygen
III. Carbon dioxide

A

I only

88
Q

How many molecules of water are required to completely hydrolysea polypeptide made up of 23 amino acids?

A

22

89
Q

An enzyme is a biological catalyst, define the term catalyst. (1 mark)

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

90
Q

Anabolism is an important process in cells. Outline the process of anabolism with reference to an example. (6 marks)

A

-Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
-the formation of monomers into macromolecules by condensation reactions
-Requires energy
-Includes:
-Protein synthesis using ribosomes
-DNA synthesis during replication
-Photosynthesis
-Synthesis of complex carbs

91
Q

Anabolism is an important process in cells. Outline the process of anabolism with reference to an example. (6 marks)

A

-Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
-the formation of monomers into macromolecules by condensation reactions
-Requires energy
-Includes:
-Protein synthesis using ribosomes
-DNA synthesis during replication
-Photosynthesis
-Synthesis of complex carbs

92
Q

Outline how monosaccharides are converted into polysaccharides. (2 marks)

A

-condensation;
-involves the removal of water to join monosaccharides together;
-catalysed by enzymes;
-consists of many monosaccharides linked (glycosidic) to make polysaccharide

93
Q

Discuss why ribose and glucose are most similar in structure. (3 marks)

A

-both are monosaccharides / sugars / reducing sugars
-both are ring shaped molecules
-both have one oxygen atom in the ring
-both have the same relative amounts of C, H, and O

94
Q

What is the difference between galactose and lactose?

A

Lactose is a disaccharide and galactose is a monosaccharide

95
Q

How many molecules of water are required to completely hydrolyse a starch molecule made up of 23 molecules of glucose?

A

22

96
Q

What is the role of sulfur in living organisms?

A

Formation of proteins

97
Q

What is the role of sulfur in living organisms?

A

Formation of proteins

98
Q

Outline (give a brief account or summary) the thermal, cohesive and solvent properties of water

A

Water not dissolved in blood, rather substances are dissolved in water which makes up over 90% of blood

99
Q

What is denaturation?

A

A structural change of a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties

100
Q

state definition of the proteome

A

the totality of proteins expressed within a cell, tissue or organism at a certain time

101
Q

What are functions of proteins?

A

providing structure, regulating body processes, transporting materials, balancing fluids, helping with immunity, and providing energy

102
Q

Define active site

A

site on surface of the enzyme to which the substrate binds

103
Q

list three examples of enzymes and their functions

A

catalase-breaks down hydrogen peroxide
lactase-digest lactose to glucose and galactose
amylase-digest starch

104
Q

list three examples of enzymes and their functions

A

catalase-breaks down hydrogen peroxide
lactase-digest lactose to glucose and galactose
amylase-digest starch

105
Q

What contributes to the structure of an enzyme?

A

Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

106
Q

Explain how the active site promotes enzyme-substrate specificity. (2 marks)

A

-shape of active site matches that of the substrate;
-chemical properties/charges of active site attract the substrate;
-active site can change to induce fit of substrate;

IB Biology (2 decks)

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