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OCR A BIOLOGY > 2.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

describe the roles if the cytoskeleton

A
  • moves cilia and flagella
  • provides support for the cell
  • changes the shape of the cell
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2
Q

what is the nucleus?

A
  • the part of the cell that contains the genetic information
  • it is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
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3
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • responsibe for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
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4
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • contains ribosomes for protein synthesis
  • helps to transport molecules from one area of the cell to another.
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5
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

the inner part of the nucleus that is responsible for making ribosomes.

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6
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

specialised vesicles that contain hydrolitic enzymes for breaking down cell organelles

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7
Q

what are cilia and flagella?

A
  • part of the cytoskeleton, they help with cell movement.
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8
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made from?

A
  • micro filaments
  • micro tubules
  • intermediate fibres
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9
Q

what is the cell wall?

A
  • a freely permeable defense mechanism for pathogens.
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10
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • modifies and packages proteins
  • produces lysosomes
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11
Q

what is the vacuole?

A

a fluid filled sack found in plant cells, it helps to maintain their turgor

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12
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis

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13
Q

what are mitochondria?

A

the site of aerobic respiration

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14
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria?

A

a membrane that forms cristae, with an inner fluid matrix

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15
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

the site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

what is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

a double membrane with a fluid called stroma

17
Q

how does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

electromagnets are used to focus a beam of electrons through the specimen

18
Q

what is the resolution of a TEM?

A

0.05-2nm

19
Q

what is the magnification of a TEM?

A

X 1 000 000

20
Q

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

A

a beam of electrons is scanned across the specimen which knocks electrons off of the specimens. They the gather in a cathode ray tube to form an image.

21
Q

what is the resolution of a SEM?

A

5-50nm

22
Q

What is the magnification of a SEM?

A

X 500 000

23
Q

what are some advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • higher resolution and magnification than light microscopes
  • SEM produces a 3D image
  • produces detailed images
24
Q

what are some disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • very expensive
  • must be trained to use
  • black and white image
  • complex staining required
  • image may contain artefacts
  • specimen must be dead and in a vacuum
25
Q

what is an eyepiece graticule?

A

a measuring device found within the eyepiece of a microscope

26
Q

what is a stage micrometer?

A

a precise measuring device used alongside the eyepiece graticule to calibrate a microscope

27
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish clearly between two spearate points

28
Q

what are photomicrographs?

A

the image produced by a light microscope

29
Q

what are electron micrographs?

A

the image production by an electron microscope

30
Q

what is magnification?

A

the number of times large an image appears

31
Q

what is the magnification calculation?

A

image size = actual size X magnification

32
Q

what is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

200nm

33
Q

what is the magnification of a light microscope?

A

X 1500

34
Q

What is a confocal microscope?

A

a microscope that produces a 3D fluorescent image.
very high light intensity illuminates the specimen stained with a fluorescent dye.

OCR A BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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