5.5 Animal Responses Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
what are the 5 parts of the brain?
A
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- medulla
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
2
Q
what is the function of the cerebrum?
A
involved in conscious activities such as vision, speech, thinking, memory etc.
3
Q
what happens if the cerebrum goes wrong?
A
- personality disorders
- problems with cognitive skills
4
Q
how is the cerebrum divided?
A
- into 2 cerebral hemispheres joined by a band of nerve fibers
- highly folded ‘grey matter’
- myelinated neurons in the ‘white matter’
5
Q
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
A
- links the endocrine and nervous systems
- monitors the blood and releases hormones itself or stimulates the pituitary gland in response.
6
Q
what is the function of the pituitary gland?
A
to produce and release a range of hormones
7
Q
what is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?
A
produces and releases certain hormones
8
Q
what is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?
A
stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus
9
Q
what is the function of the cerebellum?
A
controls fine motor skills such as balance, speech and walking
10
Q
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
A
- controls non-skeletal muscles
11
Q
what does the medulla oblongata consist of?
A
- cardiac centre
- respiratory centre
- vasomotor centre
12
Q
what happens if the medulla oblongata is damaged?
A
- respiratory failure
- paralysis
- death
13
Q
what is the function of the respiratory centre?
A
controls breathing rate
14
Q
what is the function of the cardiac centre?
A
controls heart rate
15
Q
what is the function of the vasomotor centre?
A
controls blood pressure
16
Q
How is the nervous system organised?
A
- CNS –> brain + spinal cord
- PNS
–> sensory neurons
–> motor neurons
17
Q
what is the CNS
A
central nervous system
18
Q
what is the PNS
A
peripheral nervous system
19
Q
how is the motor neurons divided into systems?
A
- somatic
- autonomi
20
Q
what is the somatic nervous system?
A
controls voluntary movements
21
Q
what is the autonomic nervous system?
A
controls involuntary responses
22
Q
How is the autonomic nervous system divided?
A
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
23
Q
what is the sympathetic nervous system?
A
fight or flight
24
Q
what is the parasympathetic nervous system?
A
rest and digest
25
what is a neuron?
a nerve cell
26
what is a nerve?
a tissue made up of nerve cells (neurons)
27
what are reflexes?
- actions that don't require processing
28
why do we have reflexes?
for survival
29
why can you override the corneal/blinking reflex?
There is a relay neuron which allows you to inhibit an action potential reaching the motor neuron, preventing a response.
30
why cant you override the knee-jerk reflex?
there is no relay neuron
31
What are the three types of muscle?
- smooth
- cardiac
- skeletal
32
What types of muscle are involuntary?
- cardiac
- smooth
33
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
- uninucleate
- slow contraction so don't fatigue
- tapered shape
- controlled by the autonomic nervous system
34
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
- uninucleate
- myogenic
- faint striations
- intercalated discs
- cross bridges
- dont get tired
35
Why does cardiac muscle have intercalated discs?
It allows for the faster diffusion of ions because there are smaller gaps. This leads to faster action potentials.
36
Why the cardiac muscle have crossed bridges?
Allows action potentials to spread quickly and causes a squeezing action when fibres contract.
37
Why the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
- multiculeate
- multiple fibres
- sarcoplasm
- sarcolemma
38
What is the sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm in skeletal muscle.
39
What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane in the skeletal muscle.
40
What are features of the sarcolemma?
- folded inwards to form T-tubules to allow action potentials to spread quickly
41
What are the features of the sarcoplasm?
- many mitochondria
- myofibrils
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
42
Where is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
To store and release calcium ions for muscle contraction.
43
What two proteins make up skeletal muscle fibre?
- actin
- myosin
44
How do muscle fibres contract?
The actin slides over myosin causing the muscle fibre to contract.
45
What controls heart rate?
The cardioregulatory centre in the medulla.
46
What does the Parasympathetic nerve do to heart rate?
Decrease heart rate.
47
What does the sympathetic nerve do to heart rate?
Increase heart rate.
48
How can heart rate be controlled?
Synapse connected to the Parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve releases a neurotransmitter which causes an effect to the sino atrial node (SAN).
49
What does acetylcholine do to heart rate?
slows down heart rate
50
What does noradrenaline do to heart rate?
speeds up heart rate
51
What two neurotransmitters affect heart rate?
- acetylcholine
- noradrenaline
52
How is the fight or flight response coordinated?
The hypothalamus receives an impulse from the sense organs. It then triggers a response in both the nervous and endocrine systems.
53
How is the fight or flight response coordinated by the nervous system?
1. sympathetic neurons receive an impulse from the hypothalamus.
2. The adrenal medulla receives an impulse, adrenaline hormone is released.
3. adrenaline targets organs and tissues to increase sensory awareness.
54
How is the fight or flight response coordinated by the endocrine system?
1. Hypothalamus releases peptide hormone.
2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH.
3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol hormone, Blood pressure and glucose concentration increases.
55
What does ACTH stand for?
Adreno cortico tropic hormone.
56
What sensory input does the cardiovascular centre receive?
- stretch receptor
- baroreceptor
- chemoreceptor
57
What do stretch receptors recept?
The shape of the sensory endings changes during muscle contraction, causing an action potential. This stimulates the acceleratory center, so heart rate is increased.
58
What do baroreceptors recept?
The stretch receptors in the carotid sinus monitor blood pressure at. During exercise, blood pressure drops. Acceleratory centre stimulated, causing heart rate to increase.
59
What do chemoreceptors recept?
A decrease in the PH of blood due to. the conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrogen ions in the red blood cell. The acceleratory centre is stimulated so heart rate increases.
60
What two proteins make up muscle fibre?
- actin
- myosin
61
What is the sliding filament mechanism?
A model that shows actin sliding over myosin during muscle contraction.
62
What happens to the different bands during muscle contraction?
- Z lines move closer together
- I band becomes narrower
- H zone becomes narrower
- A band remains the same width.
63
Which is the thick filament.
Myosin.
64
Which is the thin filament.
actin
65
What is the H Band?
Where the actin and myosin don't overlap.
66
What is the sarcomere on a muscle fibre diagram?
The distance between 2 Z lines.
67
What is the A Band?
the darker band made from myosin.
68
What is the I Band?
the band made up of only actin.
69
What is the Z line?
The disc that holds the thin filaments together and separates each sarcomere.
70
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The joining between a neuron and a muscle.
It is like a synapse.
71
Outline the full mechanism for muscle contraction.
1. Action potential arrives at neurone
2. voltage gated calcium channels open, Calcium ions flood in.
3. Vesicles with acetylcholine fuse to neurons membrane.
4. Acetylcholine diffuses across neuromuscular junction and binds to receptors.
5. Sodium ions trigger an action potential that moves down the T tubule
6. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions which diffuse along the sarcomere.
7. Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a change in shape, so tropomyosin is moved away from the actin binding site.
8. Myosin head binds to actin forming a cross bridge.
9. ATP binds to myosin head, breaking the cross bridge.
10. ATP is hydrolyzed, so myosin head moves back to original position.
72
How is supply of ATP in muscles maintained?
- aerobic respiration
- anaerobic respiration
- creatine
73
How is creatine used in muscles?
It combines with ATP to form creatine phosphate and ADP. Which are then used to make ATP, and creatine
