2.1 cell structure

Question 1

What type of organisms are prokaryotes

Answer 1

single celled organisms

Question 2

in animal cells there are 11 organelles, what are they

Answer 2

plasma membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosomes, nuclear envolope, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm and mitochondrion

Question 3

there are 4 organelles in plant cells that are not in animal cells, what are they

Answer 3

chloroplasts, plasmodesma, vacuole, cell wall

Question 4

what is the description of the plasma membrane

Answer 4

membrane found on the surface of animal cells and inside of the cell wall on plant cells,. It is made of lipids and proteins in a fluid mozaic structure. Also called the phospholipid bilayer

Question 5

what is the function of the plasma membrane

Answer 5

allow substances in and out of the cell and respond to chemicals with receptor molecules.

Question 6

what is the description of a cell wall

Answer 6

a rigid structure that surrounds plant cells, mainly made of the carbohydrate cellulose

Question 7

what is the function of the cell wall

Answer 7

to support plant cells

Question 8

what is inside of the nucleus

Answer 8

the nucleolus and chromatin

Question 9

what surrounds the nucleus

Answer 9

the nuclear envolope

Question 10

what is chromatin made up from

Answer 10

DNA and proteins

Question 11

what is the function of the nucleolus

Answer 11

make ribosomes

Question 12

what is a description of a lysosome

Answer 12

a round orgnelle surrounded by a membrane

Question 13

what does a lysosome contain and what does this do

Answer 13

it contains powerful digestive enzymes that can digest invading cells and break down worn out components

Question 14

what wo things do ribosomes have

Answer 14

a small subunit and a large subunit

Question 15

what is the function of a ribosome

Answer 15

site where proteins are made

Question 16

what is a description of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

system of membranes covered in robosomes, enclosing an fluid filled space.

Question 17

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

to fold and process synthesised proteins

Question 18

what is a description of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space

Question 19

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

to process and synthesise lipids

Question 20

describe a vesicle

Answer 20

small fluid filled sac surrounded by as plasma membrane

Question 21

what does a vesicle do

Answer 21

transport substances around a cell or out of the plasma membrane

Question 22

describe the golgi apparatus

Answer 22

a group of fluid filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs.

Question 23

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 23

the process and package new lipids and proteins and make lysosomes

Question 24

describe a mitochondrion

Answer 24

they have a double membrane, of which the inner is folded to form the cristae. within the membranes is the matrix containing enzymes involved in respiration.

Question 25

what is the function of a mitochondrion

Answer 25

site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced

Question 26

what is the plural of granum and lamella

Answer 26

grana and lamellae

Question 27

describe a chloroplast

Answer 27

flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane. within it is more membranes called thylakoid membranes which are stacked to form grana linked by lamellae

Question 28

what is the function of a chloroplast

Answer 28

site where photosynthesis takes place

Question 29

describe the centriole

Answer 29

hollow cylenders made of microtubles, at right angles to eachover

Question 30

what does the centriole do

Answer 30

seperate the chromosomes during cell division

Question 31

describe cilia

Answer 31

hair like structures with an outer membrane with a ring of 9 microtubles and 2 in the centre

Question 32

what does the cilia do

Answer 32

move substances along the cell surface

Question 33

what is a flagella what does it do

Answer 33

like a cilia but points out of a cell contract to move the cell

Question 34

where are proteins made to be exctreted made

Answer 34

ribosomes on the RER

Question 35

what is the cytoskeleton

Answer 35

netword of protein threads arranged as microfiliments and microtubles

Question 36

what are the 4 main functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 36

support organelles keeping them in position strengthen the cell move materials within the cell move cilia and flagellum

Question 37

what shpe is DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 37

prokaryotes: circular eukaryotes: linear

Question 38

magnification equation

Answer 38

magnification = image size / actual size

Question 39

what is the magnification and maximum magnification of a light microscope

Answer 39

0.2 micrometres (um) and X1500

Question 40

what is the magnification and maximum magnification of a scanning electron microscope

Answer 40

0.002um and >X500,000

Question 41

what is the magnification and maximum magnification of a transmission electron microscope

Answer 41

0.0002um and X1,000,000

Question 42

methylene blue -what does it stain and what colour is produced

Answer 42

DNA, RNA dark blue

Question 43

iodine -what does it stain and what colour is produced

Answer 43

living plant cells very dark blue

Question 44

acidified phloroglucinol -what does it stain and what colour is produced

Answer 44

lignin of xylem cell bright red

Question 45

acetic ocein -what does it stain and what colour is produced

Answer 45

nuclei and chromosomes red

Question 46

eosin -what does it stain and what colour is produced

Answer 46

dead cells cytoplasms and some organelles pink

Question 47

light green -what does it stain and what colour is produced

Answer 47

plant cell walls green

Question 48

when staining for electron microscopes what is the specimin dipped in

Answer 48

heavy metals (such as lead)