2.1 Cells and Tissues

Question 1

1. Which structure within the cell produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
   A. The mitochondria
   B. The nucleus
   C. Peripheral proteins
   D. The endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 1

Answer is A: This is a basic function of mitochondria. All other answers are wrong.

Question 2

2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell plasma membrane?
   A. Cholesterol
   B. Proteins
   C. Microfilaments
   D. Phospholipids

Answer 2

Answer is C: Microfilaments occur inside the cell.

Question 3

3. Which list below contains the four types of tissue?
   A. Extracellular fluid, skeletal tissue, glandular tissue, connective tissue
   B. Extracellular fluid, muscle tissue, glandular tissue, cartilaginous tissue
   C. Neural tissue, skeletal tissue, epithelial tissue, cartilaginous tissue
   D. Neural tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue

Answer 3

Answer is D: These are the four types. Extracellular fluid is not a tissue. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue.

Question 4

4. Except for one, the following are types of cells. Which one is NOT a type of cell?
   A. Platelets
   B. Leucocytes
   C. Macrophages
   D. Osteoblasts

Answer 4

Answer is A: Platelets are fragments of a cell (a megakaryocyte) bound by a membrane.

Question 5

5. In which part of a cell does the process of making ATP from oxygen and glucose take place?
   A. Lysosomes
   B. Ribosomes
   C. Mitochondria
   D. Golgi apparatus

Answer 5

Answer is C: ATP production is the function of mitochondria.

Question 6

6. Which of the following is a function of membrane proteins?

A. To process lipids and proteins for secretion through the plasma membrane
B. To act as receptors for hormones
C. To synthesise proteins from amino acids
D. To act as a cytoskeleton to support and shape the cell

Answer 6

Answer is B: One function of membrane proteins is to receive (amino acid-based) hormones that cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

Question 7

7. What is the difference between simple squamous cells and simple columnar cells?

A. Squamous cells are flattened, while columnar cells are taller than they are wide.
B. Simple squamous cells are one layer thick, while simple columnar cells are several layers thick.
C. Simple squamous cells are epithelial tissue, while simple columnar cells are connective tissue.
D. Squamous cells are flattened, while columnar cells are cuboidal.

Answer 7

Answer is A: The names of the cells contain a description of their shape: either flat or like columns. Simple refers to a single layer of cells.

Question 8

8. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell?
   A. Macrophages
   B. Lysosomes
   C. Plasmocytes
   D. Chondroblasts

Answer 8

Answer is B: The suffix “-some” refers to an organelle within a cell. The other suffixes all indicate a type of cell:
phage: viruses that solely kill and selectively target bacteria; “a thing that devours.”
cyte: denoting a mature cell
Blasts: denoting an immature precursor cell

Question 9

9. Which cell organelles contain an acidic environment capable of digesting a wide variety of molecules?
   A. Lysosomes
   B. Ribosomes
   C. Centrosomes
   D. Golgi complex

Answer 9

Answer is A: The prefix “lyso-” refers to the ability to dissolve or destroy molecules or cells.

Question 10

10. Which form of transport through the plasma membrane requires the expendi- ture of energy by the cell?
    A. Facilitated diffusion
    B. Osmosis
    C. Active transport
    D. Diffusion

Answer 10

Answer is C: The term “active” implies using energy (in the form of ATP) to move a molecule against its concentration gradient while the other processes are all passive.

Question 11

11. Which of the tissue types below consists of a single layer of cells?
    A. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
    B. Glandular epithelium
    C. Areolar connective tissue
    D. Simple columnar epithelial tissue

Answer 11

Answer is D: The word “simple” indicates a single layer of cells. Stratified means several layers (or strata) of cells

Question 12

12. One of the following is NOT a serous membrane. Which one?
    A. Pleura
    B. Peritoneum
    C. Mucosa
    D. Pericardium

Answer 12

Answer is C: Mucosa is a mucous membrane (and secretes mucus).

Question 13

13. Which of the following is NOT made predominantly from epithelial tissue?

A. In the dermis
B. In exocrine glands
C. In endocrine glands
D. In the endothelium of blood vessels

Answer 13

Answer is A: The dermis contains connective tissue, nervous tissue and muscle as well as epithelial tissue.

Question 14

14. What are tendons and ligaments composed of?

A. Dense connective tissue
B. Liquid connective tissue
C. Muscular tissue
D. Epithelial tissue

Answer 14

Answer is A: Tendons and ligaments are dense CT. This is strong as there is a high proportion of fibres.

Question 15

15. What is the composition of the intercellular matrix in connective tissue?

A. Cells and fibres
B. Serous and mucous membranes and lamina propria
C. Protein fibres and ground substance
D. Interstitial fluid

Answer 15

Answer is C: “Intercellular” means between cells. So matrix is fibres and ground substance (but no cells).

Question 16

16. Which statement about the plasma membrane is INCORRECT?

A. It is selectively permeable.
B. It is composed of two layers of glycoprotein molecules.
C. It contains receptors for specific signalling molecules.
D. The plasma membranes of adjacent cells are held together by desmosomes.

Answer 16

Answer is B: The PM is indeed made of two layers, but they are phospholipid (not glycoprotein) molecules.

Question 17

17. Which of the following is NOT epithelial tissue?

A. The epidermis
B. Glandular tissue
C. The internal lining of blood vessels
D. The dermis

Answer 17

Answer is D: The dermis contains some of all four types of tissue.

Question 18

18. Which of the following is NOT a cell found in connective tissue?
    A. Adipocytes
    B. Chondroblasts
    C. Keratinocytes
    D. Osteoblasts

Answer 18

Answer is C: Keratinocytes are in the epidermis which is epithelial tissue. The other cell types occur in fat, cartilage and bone.

Question 19

19. What tissue has cells that are closely packed and that have one surface attached to a basement membrane and the other free to a space?
    A. Epithelial tissue
    B. Muscle tissue
    C. Connective tissue
    D. Nervous tissue

Answer 19

Answer is A: This is a definition of epithelial tissue.

Question 20

20. What is the name of the mechanism that ensures that there is a higher concentration of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid?
    A. Facilitated diffusion
    B. The sodium-potassium pump
    C. Secondary active transport
    D. Osmosis

Answer 20

Answer is B: The “pump” (or ATPase) transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell.

Question 21

21. What are lysosomes, centrosomes and ribosomes example of?
    A. Stem cells
    B. Organelles within a cell
    C. Sensory receptors in the dermis
    D. Exocrine glands

Answer 21

Answer is B: The suffix “-some” refers to small body or organelle within a cell.

Question 22

22. What does simple columnar epithelial tissue refer to? Tissue with:
    A. A single layer of cells longer than they are wide.
    B. A single layer of cells whose length, breadth and depth are about the same
    size.
    C. Several layers of cells, all of the same type
    D. Several layers of cells but without a basement membrane

Answer 22

Answer is A: Simple = one layer. Columnar means oblong or shaped like a column.

Question 23

23. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?
    A. Blood
    B. Bone
    C. Tendon
    D. Epidermis

Answer 23

Answer is D: The epidermis (on top of the dermis) is epithelial tissue.

Question 24

24. What is the function of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
    A. To maintain the intracellular fluid at a similar composition to that of the interstitial fluid
    B. To form channels to selectively allow passage of small molecules
    C. To act as receptors for signalling chemicals
    D. To present a barrier to the passage of water-soluble molecules

Answer 24

Answer is D: Molecules that are soluble in water cannot pass through lipid (fat). So the phospholipids are a barrier. The functions described by B and C are performed by other molecules in the plasma membrane.

Question 25

25. Which one of the following cell types is found in epithelial tissue? A. Plasma cells B. Leucocytes C. Keratinocytes D. Chondroblasts

Answer 25

Answer is C: Keratinocytes produce keratin, the protein of the epidermis, which is epithelial tissue.

Question 26

26. Which of the following is NOT part of the plasma membrane of a cell? A. Integral proteins B. Glycoproteins C. Plasma proteins D. Peripheral proteins

Answer 26

Answer is C: As the name implies, plasma proteins are found in the blood plasma. Not to be confused with the plasma membrane.

Question 27

27. A major role for mitochondria is to: A. Transcribe the information in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) B. Produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) C. Synthesise proteins from amino acids D. Use enzymes to lyse molecules

Answer 27

Answer is B: ATP is only produced within the mitochondria.

Question 28

28. Choose the tissue below that is one of the four primary types of body tissue. A. Epidermal tissue B. Epithelial tissue C. Interstitial tissue D. Osseous tissue

Answer 28

Answer is B: Epithelial is a major tissue type (as is muscle, nervous and connective).

Question 29

29. What are the primary types of tissue in the body? A. Muscle, nervous, connective and epithelial B. Muscle, nervous, connective, osseous and epithelial C. Muscle, nervous, connective, osseous, blood and epithelial D. Muscle, nervous, connective, glandular and epithelial

Answer 29

Answer is A: There are four major types (not five or six). Osseous and blood are also connective, while glandular tissue is also epithelial.

Question 30

30. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the lungs? A. Visceral peritoneum B. Parietal peritoneum C. Visceral pleura D. Dura mater

Answer 30

Answer is C: Pleura is around the lungs, while visceral refers to the layer of the pleura that is attached to the lung surface.

Question 31

31. What is a role performed by mitochondria? A. Contain enzymes capable of digesting molecules B. Produce ATP C. Synthesise proteins D. Synthesise fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol

Answer 31

Answer is B: Mitochondria produce ATP. The other tasks are performed by lysosomes, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively.

Question 32

32. Which of the following is NOT found in the plasma membrane? A. Proteins B. Cholesterol C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Phospholipids

Answer 32

Answer is C: Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle and found within the cell.

Question 33

33. Which one of the following cell types is found in epithelial tissue? A. Mast cells B. Adipocytes C. Chondroblasts D. Keratinocytes

Answer 33

Answer is D: These cells produce keratin, the protein of the stratum corneum.

Question 34

34. Which of the following is NOT part of the plasma membrane of a cell? A. Phospholipid B. Glycoprotein C. Chromatin D. Cholesterol

Answer 34

Answer is C: Chromatin makes up chromosomes.

Question 35

35. A major role for mitochondria is to: A. Synthesise fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids B. Deliver lipids and proteins to plasma membrane for secretion C. Synthesise proteins from amino acids D. Produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 35

Answer is D: Mitochondria produce ATP from glucose.

Question 36

36. Choose the tissue below that is NOT one of the four primary types of body tissue. A. Connective tissue B. Muscular tissue C. Nervous tissue D. Osseous tissue

Answer 36

Answer is D: Osseous tissue (or bone) is a connective tissue.

Question 37

37. What is the purpose of mitochondria? A. To store the nucleolus and chromatin B. To produce adenosine triphosphate C. To support and shape the cell D. To produce enzymes to break down molecules

Answer 37

Answer is B: Mitochondria are the site of ATP production.

Question 38

38. The plasma membrane of a cell contains molecules that have a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end. What are they called? A. Phospholipids B. Cholesterol C. Integral proteins D. Glycoproteins

Answer 38

Answer is A: The phosphate end is hydrophilic (water soluble), while the lipid end is hydrophobic (insoluble in water).

Question 39

39. Adipocytes are found in which type of tissue? A. Muscle tissue B. Epithelial tissue C. Nervous tissue D. Connective tissue

Answer 39

Answer is D: Adipocytes are found in fat (adipose tissue) which is a type of connective tissue.

Question 40

40. What is the role of mitochondria? To: A. Function in cell division B. Synthesise proteins C. Form part of the plasma membrane D. Synthesise fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids

Answer 40

Answer is C: Mitochondria produce ATP.

Question 41

41. Which one of the following cell types is found in epithelial tissue? A. Mast cells B. Adipocytes C. Chondroblasts D. Melanocytes

Answer 41

Answer is D: Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation, and it results in tanning of the skin.

Question 42

42. What is the difference between “loose” connective tissue (CT) and “dense” connective tissue? A. Fibres occupy most of the volume in dense CT. B. Dense CT includes cartilage, while loose CT does not. C. Loose CT has a good blood supply, while dense CT does not. D. Loose CT has no fibres (and dense CT does).

Answer 42

Answer is A: The preponderance of fibres is what makes the CT “dense”. Cartilage is classified as supportive CT.

Question 43

43. Facilitated diffusion refers to the process of: A. Movement along a concentration gradient assisted by protein carrier molecules B. Movement of ions and molecules along a concentration gradient C. Transport of molecules and ions against their concentration gradient D. Water movement through a semipermeable membrane

Answer 43

Answer is A: Facilitated refers to the role of the protein carriers. The other choices refer to diffusion, active transport and osmosis, respectively.

Question 44

44. What do fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts and haemocytoblasts have in common? A. They are all types of white blood cell. B. They are all macrophages. C. They are all immature cells. D. They are all types of epithelial cell.

Answer 44

Answer is C: The suffix “-blast” implies that these cells have not yet finished their differentiation. That is they are immature.

Question 45

45. Which is NOT true of connective tissue (CT)? A. The cells are closely packed. B. The tissue contains protein fibres and ground substance. C. Types include loose CT, dense CT and liquid CT. D. CT contains white blood cells.

Answer 45

Answer is A: Being close packed is a property of epithelial tissue. In CT the cells are widely spaced, being separated by the ground substance.

Question 46

46. Active transport across the plasma membrane may be described by which statement? A. Active transport requires energy from ATP. B. Active transport is also known as endocytosis. C. Active transport moves molecules along their concentration gradient. D. Active transport is the movement of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane.

Answer 46

Answer is A: This is the only correct answer. The others are not true.

Question 47

47. Which of the following cell types denote an immature cell? A. Macrophages B. Monocytes C. Osteoblasts D. Ribosomes

Answer 47

Answer is C: The suffix “-blast” indicates that the cell is immature.

Question 48

48. Choose the membrane that is NOT a serous membrane. A. Pleura B. Peritoneum C. Pericardium D. Lamina propria

Answer 48

Answer is D: The lamina propria is a “basement membrane” attached to epithelial tissue. The others are serous membranes.

Question 49

49. Which organelle is the site of ATP production? A. Nucleus B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondria D. Golgi apparatus

Answer 49

Answer is C: The mitochondria are where ATP is produced.

Question 50

50. Which of the following is ONE major function of epithelial cells? A. Movement B. Secretion C. Support of other cell types D. Transmit electrical signals

Answer 50

Answer is B: Glandular tissues are one type of epithelial tissue, and their function is to produce material to secrete

Question 51

51. What are the major types of tissue in the body? A. Nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective B. Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional C. Osteocytes, chondrocytes, leucocytes, adipocytes D. Protein, adipose, cartilage, osseous

Answer 51

Answer is A: Choice C refers to cell types; B is a list of epithelial tissue. Protein is applied to molecules.

Question 52

52. Which of the following is NOT one of the organelles within a cell? A. Desmosome B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondrion D. Golgi apparatus

Answer 52

Answer is A: Desmosomes (despite having the suffix “-some”) are not within the cell. They are structures that join adjacent plasma membranes to each other.

Question 53

53. Which list contains the main body tissue types? A. Glandular, connective, osseous, nervous B. Epithelial, nervous, connective, muscle C. Endothelial, connective, muscle, cartilaginous D. Epithelial, cartilaginous, muscle, glandular

Answer 53

Answer is B: The terms osseous, glandular and cartilaginous disqualify the other choices.

Question 54

54. The process of “diffusion” through a membrane may be described by which of the following? A. The movement of ions and molecules away from regions where they are in high concentration towards regions where they are in lower concentration. B. The use of energy from ATP to move ions and small molecules into regions where they are in lower concentration. C. The plasma membrane engulfs the substance and moves it through the membrane. D. The use of energy from ATP to move water molecules against their concentration gradient.

Answer 54

Answer is A: The choices with ATP are nonsense. While choice C refers to endocytosis.

Question 55

55. The process of “active transport” through a membrane may be described by which of the following? A. The movement of ions and small molecules away from regions where they are in high concentration. B. The use of energy from ATP to move ions and small molecules into regions where they are in lower concentration. C. The plasma membrane engulfs the substance and moves it through the membrane. D. The use of energy from ATP to move ions and small molecules against their concentration gradient.

Answer 55

Answer is D: Energy (ATP) is required to force molecules against their concentration gradient.

Question 56

56. Which of the following is the smallest living structural unit of the body? A. Atom B. Molecule C. Organelle D. Cell

Answer 56

Answer is D: The cell is smallest structural unit that is deemed to be alive.

Question 57

57. Which of the following enables ions such as sodium to cross a plasma membrane? A. Phospholipid bilayer B. Peripheral proteins C. Integral proteins D. Desmosomes

Answer 57

Answer is C: One function of integral protein in the PM is to form channels to allow for the passage of ions.

Question 58

58. Cell membranes can maintain a difference in electrical charge between the inte- rior of the cell and the extracellular fluid. What is this charge difference called? A. Excitability B. The membrane potential C. The action potential D. The sodium-potassium pump

Answer 58

Answer is B: The inside of a cell is negative, while the exterior side of the mem- brane is positive. This difference in charge constitutes a difference in electrical potential (or voltage), known as the resting membrane potential. An action potential is generated when the membrane is stimulated and the potential reversed.

Question 59

59. The resting membrane potential of a cell is the consequence of which of the following concentrations of ions? A. High K+ and Cl − outside the cell and high Na+ and large anions inside the cell B. High K+ and Na+ outside the cell and high Cl − and large anions inside the cell C. High Cl− and Na+ outside the cell and high K+ and large cations inside the cell D. High Ca2+ and Na+ outside the cell and high K+ and large cations inside the cell

Answer 59

Answer is C: These ionic species are largely responsible for the membrane potential (cations are negative ions). While there is a higher concentration of Ca outside the cell than inside, there are fewer Ca than Cl ions.

Question 60

60. What is one function of mitochondria? To: A. Produce enzymes to break down molecules B. Produce molecules of ATP C. Hold adjacent cells together D. Allow passage of molecules through the plasma membrane

Answer 60

Answer is B: Mitochondria are organelles within which ATP is made.

Question 61

61. Membrane proteins perform the following functions EXCEPT one. Which one? A. Form the glycocalyx B. Act as receptor proteins C. Form pores to allow the passage of small solutes D. Behave as enzymes

Answer 61

Answer is A: The glycocalyx refers to molecules in the plasma membrane that have a carbohydrate chain attached (prefix “glyco-”).

Question 62

62. Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport because facilitated diffusion: A. Requires energy from ATP B. Moves molecules from where they are in lower concentration to higher concentration C. Moves molecules from where they are in higher concentration to lower concentration D. Involves ions and molecules that pass through membrane channels

Answer 62

Answer is C: Diffusion always refers to movement from high to low concentration (without energy expenditure). Facilitated refers to the assistance provided by a transport molecule that is designed for the purpose.

Question 63

63. Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue? A. Blood B. Mesothelium C. Fat D. Tendon

Answer 63

Answer is B: Mesothelium is simple squamous epithelium that is found in serous membranes.

Question 64

64. The cells that are found in tendons are called: A. Osteocytes B. Adipocytes C. Haemocytoblasts D. Fibroblasts

Answer 64

Answer is D: Simple squamous. A single layer of flat (squashed) cells so diffusion through the layer takes place easily. Lines heart, lymph and blood vessels (known as endothelium). Called mesothelium when in serous membranes.

Question 65

65. Which one of the following terms best describes the structure of the cell membrane? A. Fluid mosaic model B. Static mosaic model C. Quaternary structure D. Multilayered structure

Answer 65

Answer is A: “Fluid” implies the structure can move and change (not like a brick wall); mosaic refers to the presence of proteins scattered among the glycolipids.

Question 66

66. Which one of the following terms best describes a phospholipid. It consists of a: A. Polar head and polar tail B. Non-polar head and a polar tail C. Polar head and non-polar tail D. Non-polar head and a non-polar tail

Answer 66

Answer is C: polar = hydrophilic head of phosphate, which can dissolve in the aqueous extracellular solution because water molecules are polar; non-polar = hydro- phobic tails of lipid, which being non-polar, cannot dissolve in aqueous solutions.

Question 67

67. One of the functions of integral proteins in cell membranes is to: A. Maintain the rigid structure of the cell B. Support mechanically the phospholipids C. Interact with the cytoplasm D. Form channels for transport functions

Answer 67

Answer is D: Some proteins form channels which allow molecules and ions to enter the cell.

Question 68

68. Which one of the following best describes what a cell membrane consists of? A. Lipids, proteins, ribosomes B. Lipids, cholesterol, proteins C. Cholesterol, proteins, cytoplasm D. Lipids, proteins, cytoplasm

Answer 68

Answer is B: These are the three major constituents. Ribosomes and cytoplasm are found inside the cell.

Question 69

69. Which one of the following organelles is considered as the “energy-producing” centre of the cell? A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. Mitochondria D. Ribosomes

Answer 69

Answer is C: Mitochondria are where ATP molecules are produced from glucose.

Question 70

70. What is the major function of lysosomes? They: A. Package proteins B. Detoxify toxic substances C. Catalyse lipid metabolism D. Digest unwanted particles within the cell

Answer 70

Answer is D: The prefix “lys-” refers to the ability to alter molecules by dividing them into smaller pieces.

Question 71

71. What is the purpose of the “sodium-potassium pump”? A. To perform endocytosis B. To move sodium and potassium by facilitated diffusion C. To perform bulk transport through the plasma membrane D. To produce a concentration gradient for sodium ions

Answer 71

Answer is D: A concentration gradient is set up by the use of energy to move Na ions to where they are in greater concentration. This requirement for energy means choice B is wrong.

Question 72

72. Which of the following is NOT a type of cell? A. Ribosome B. Haemocytoblast C. Neutrophil D. Phagocyte

Answer 72

Answer is A: A ribosome is a cell organelle, not a cell type.

Question 73

73. What is the name of the mechanism that ensures that there is a higher concentration of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid? A. Facilitated diffusion B. The sodium-potassium pump C. Secondary active transport D. Osmosis

Answer 73

Answer is B: The “pump” exchanges Na for K and uses energy from ATP to function.

Question 74

74. What is the name given to the type of transport where glucose or an amino acid binds to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane, which then moves the molecule into the cell without the expenditure of energy? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Bulk transport C. Secondary active transport D. Active transport

Answer 74

Answer is A: The membrane protein facilitates the entry into the cell. No energy is expended, so it is not active transport.

Question 75

75. What is the name given to the movement of glucose or amino acids from the gut into the cells lining the gut, when they bind to a transport protein that has also bound a sodium ion? The sodium ion is entering the cell along its concentration gradient. A. Facilitated diffusion B. The sodium-potassium pump C. Active transport D. Secondary active transport

Answer 75

Answer is D: The sodium ion was transported out of the cell with the use of energy in order to set up the sodium concentration gradient. This gradient then allows other molecules to enter the cell along with sodium’s re-entry. This is active (because energy used), but secondary as it occurs as a result of the previous active transport event.

Question 76

76. Mitochondria produce which of the following? A. ATP B. DNA C. RNA D. Proteins

Answer 76

Answer is A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 77

77. Why does the plasma membrane of a cell present a barrier to the movement of electrolytes through it? A. There are no channels in the membrane for the passage of electrolytes. B. Electrolytes are not soluble in the lipid of the membrane. C. Electrolytes are too large to pass through membrane channels. D. Membrane proteins electrically repel charged particles.

Answer 77

Answer is B: Electrolytes, being charged particles, are not able to dissolve their way through the lipid plasma membrane (which is non-polar). Hence it is a barrier to them.

Question 78

8. Which of the following statements about “leak channels” in the plasma membrane is correct? A. Proteins that form these channels bind to solutes to allow them to pass into the cell. B. They are passageways formed by proteins to allow water and ions to move passively through the membrane. C. They allow small ions and molecules to move between adjacent cells. D. They are formed by glycoprotein and proteoglycans to allow hormones to enter cells.

Answer 78

Answer is B: This is the definition of leak channels. They may be “gated” which means shut until stimulated to open. Choice A refers to facilitated diffusion

Question 79

78. Which of the following statements about “leak channels” in the plasma membrane is correct? A. Proteins that form these channels bind to solutes to allow them to pass into the cell. B. They are passageways formed by proteins to allow water and ions to move passively through the membrane. C. They allow small ions and molecules to move between adjacent cells. D. They are formed by glycoprotein and proteoglycans to allow hormones to enter cells.

Answer 79

Answer is B: This is the definition of leak channels. They may be “gated” which means shut until stimulated to open. Choice A refers to facilitated diffusion.

Question 80

79. What are the primary types of body tissue? A. Connective tissue, blood, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue B. Muscle tissue, osseous tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, blood, con- nective tissue C. Nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue D. Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

Answer 80

Answer is C: These are the four primary types. Blood is not a “type” of tissue.

Question 81

80. Epithelial and connective tissues differ from each other in which of the following characteristics? A. Epithelial tissue contains fibres, but connective tissue does not. B. Connective tissue is avascular, but epithelial tissue is well-vascularised. C. Cells in epithelial tissue are closely packed, whereas in connective tissue they are not. D.Connective tissue includes tissue that makes up glands, but epithelial tissue does not occur in glands.

Answer 81

Answer is C: The other choices are not correct.

Question 82

81. Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane of a cell? A. Plasma B. Glycolipid C. Plasma proteins D. Cholesterol

Answer 82

Answer is D: Despite the term “plasma”, A and C are wrong. And it is phospholipids, not glycolipids, that occur in the membrane.

Question 83

82. What term is used to describe the movement of dissolved particles along (or down) their concentration gradient? A. Endocytosis B. Active transport C. Osmosis D. Diffusion

Answer 83

Answer is D: Following the concentration gradient is a passive process. Choice C applies only to water molecules.

Question 84

83. Which of the following molecules cannot pass through the plasma membrane? A. Water molecules B. Non-polar molecules C. Amino acid-based hormones D. Fat-soluble molecules

Answer 84

Answer is C: These hormones are not lipid soluble and too large to pass through channels.

Question 85

84. Which of the following is a connective tissue? A. Pancreas B. Spinal cord C. Muscle D. Blood

Answer 85

Answer is D: Blood contains cells separated by a liquid matrix. Choices A and B are epithelial and nervous tissues.

Question 86

85. Which of the following is an epithelial tissue? A. Adipose tissue B. The adrenal gland C. The heart D. Blood

Answer 86

Answer is B: The adrenal gland is glandular epithelial tissue.

Question 87

86. What is the major component of the plasma membrane of a cell? A. Phospholipid B. Glycolipid C. Integral protein D. Cholesterol

Answer 87

Answer is A: Cholesterol and proteins are also present in the plasma membrane but as more minor components.

Question 88

87. Which one of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A. They form a structure called a glycocalyx. B. They attach cells to each other. C. They form passageways to allow solutes to pass through the membrane. D. They from receptors which can bind messenger molecules.

Answer 88

Answer is A: The glycocalyx is thought of as being membrane carbohydrates

Question 89

88. Facilitated diffusion through a membrane involves which of the following scenarios? A. The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane along its concentration gradient B. The movement of a molecule against its concentration gradient with the expenditure of energy C. The plasma membrane surrounding (engulfing) the molecule and the mol- ecule moving into the cell D. A molecule binding to a receptor which moves the molecule through the membrane without the expenditure of energy

Answer 89

Answer is D: Facilitation is by binding to a membrane protein.

Question 90

89. The diffusion of water through a membrane is referred to as: A. Secondary active transport B. Bulk transport C. Osmosis D. Endocytosis

Answer 90

Answer is C: Osmosis is a word that is reserved for the movement of water through a membrane.

Question 91

90. What is the tissue that covers the body surface and lines internal tubes called? A. Epithelial tissue B. Connective tissue C. Glandular epithelium D. Muscle tissue

Answer 91

Answer is A: Epithelial tissue has one surface “open” to the exterior or to the con- tents of the tube.

Question 92

91. Which of the following is true for connective tissue? A. It consists of cells, a basement membrane and intercellular matrix. B. Its cells are closely packed and held together by protein fibres. C. It has a high rate of cell division and no blood supply. D. It is made of cells, protein fibres and ground substance.

Answer 92

Answer is D: Connective tissue includes fibres and cells which are not closely packed.

Question 93

92. The cell membrane’s resting potential (about −70 mV inside with respect to the outside) is due mainly to which of the following mechanisms? A. The sodium-potassium pump B. The diffusion of cations and anions through the membrane along their concentration gradients C. The diffusion of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane D. The presence inside the cell of anions too large to passively cross the cell membrane

Answer 93

Answer is A: The ATPase pump shifts 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell. This disparity in positive charge is the major influence on the resting potential.

Question 94

93. Which of the following cells are uninucleate (have a single nucleus)? A. Red blood cells B. Epithelial cells C. Skeletal muscle cells D. Osteoclasts

Answer 94

Answer is B: Red blood cells have no nucleus, while osteoclasts and skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate.

Question 95

94. What is the function of the cell plasma membrane? A. It maintains an intracellular environment that is hypotonic compared to the extracellular fluid. B. It protects the cell from dehydration by limiting water flow from the cell. C. It regulates the passage of molecules and ions into an out of the cell. D. It provides the supportive medium for membrane proteins.

Answer 95

Answer is C: The plasma membrane is made of lipid and separates the aqueous intracellular fluid from the aqueous extracellular fluid. Substances cannot enter or leave the cell unless they are lipid soluble or by endo-/exocytosis or have a mem- brane protein pore or transport mechanism that can move them through the membrane.

Question 96

95. Which of the following cells would be found in connective tissue? A. Mucous cells B. Goblet cells C. Chondrocytes D. Neurons

Answer 96

Answer is C: Chondro- refers to cartilage, so chondrocytes are cells found in carti- lage. Cartilage is a connective tissue. The other choices are found in epithelial tissue, or nervous tissue.

Question 97

96. Which of the following cells would be found in nervous tissue? A. Dendrocytes B. Microglia C. Microphages D. Erythrocytes

Answer 97

Answer is B: Microglia is a term that refers to the support cells of the nervous system. Dendrocytes are found in the epidermis and there are no erythrocytes in the CNS.

Question 98

97. Which of the four types of tissue do all organs contain? A. Connective, epithelial and nervous tissues. B. Muscle, epithelial and nervous tissues. C. Organs contain all four types of tissues. D. Muscle, connective and epithelial tissues.

Answer 98

Answer is C: All organs have capillaries and a blood supply. Blood is a connective tissue, and capillaries are made of epithelial tissue; the arterial end of capillaries has a precapillary sphincter which is made of smooth muscle cells. All organs are innervated so they contain nervous tissue.

Question 99

98. What is “deep fascia”? A. Connective tissue that surrounds muscle B. Epithelial tissue that lies under the skin C. Connective tissue of the hypodermis D. Epithelial tissue of the abdominal serous membranes

Answer 99

Answer is A: Deep fascia is a fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and penetrates into the muscles, as well as surrounding bones, nerves and blood vessels. Muscle epimysium is an example of deep fascia. Choice C is referring to superficial fascia.

Question 100

99. Which of the following cells are found in cartilage? A. Osteocytes B. Chondrocytes C. Lymphocytes D. Monocytes

Answer 100

Answer is B: “Chondros” means cartilage in Greek (!).

Question 101

100. Which of the following cells are found in bone? A. Dendrocytes B. Erythrocytes C. Osteocytes D. Pneumocytes

Answer 101

Answer is C: “Osteo” is ancient (?) Greek for bone.

Question 102

101. Which of the following cells are found in the lungs? A. Pneumocytes B. Leucocytes C. Keratinocytes D. Sertoli cells

Answer 102

Answer is A: “Pneumo” comes from the Greek for lung or air. The other cells are found in the blood, epidermis and testicles, respectively.

Question 103

102. Which of the following cells are found in the liver? A. Myocytes B. Pericytes C. Podocytes D. Hepatocytes

Answer 103

Answer is D: “Hepato” comes from the Greek language and refers to liver.

Question 104

103. What are generally referred to as organelles? A. Small exocrine organs such as salivary glands, sudiferous glands, etc. B. Small endocrine glands such as the pituitary, adrenal glands, etc. C. Structures of the general senses such as lamellated corpuscles, muscle spindles, etc. D. Structures within a cell such as ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

Answer 104

Answer is D: Organelles are not glands. They are structures within a cell.

Question 105

104. To what does the term “integral protein” refer? A. To proteins that lie within the plasma membrane of a cell B. To a protein that must be included in the diet as they cannot be manufactured by the body C. To a protein found within the central nervous system D. To plasma proteins that exist in the blood but not in the interstitial fluid

Answer 105

Answer is A: “Integral” refers to being within the cell membrane. The other choices are not even close to being correct.

Question 106

105. What is the term used to describe the bulk movement of a large number of molecules out of a cell? A. Lymphocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Thrombocytosis D. Endocytosis

Answer 106

Answer is B: “Exo-” refers to movement from inside to the outside (-cytosis is a suffix that means in reference to cells).

Question 107

106. In which organelle of the cell do most aerobic respiration reactions happen? A. In the nucleus B. In the mitochondria C. In the ribosomes D. In the lysosomes

Answer 107

Answer is B: Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration. That is, the production of ATP from pyruvic acid (via glucose) and oxygen.

Question 108

107. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue? A. Blood B. Bone C. Smooth muscle D. Superficial fascia

Answer 108

Answer is C: There are four basics types of tissue. Connective tissue and muscle are two of them, so C is not a connective tissue. The other three choices are.

Question 109

108. Which of the following is NOT classed as a lipid? A. Fatty acids B. Oils C. Steroids D. Keratin

Answer 109

Answer is D: Examples of lipids are waxes, fats, oils, steroids, cholesterol and phospholipids. Keratin is a protein (the “-in” ending to keratin denotes that).

Question 110

109. A particular tissue contains cells that have a process that extends for 20 or 30 cm from the cell body. What type of tissue is it likely to be? A. Neural tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Epithelial tissue D. Connective tissue

Answer 110

Answer is A: The long process is called an axon and belongs to a neurone. So the tissue is neural tissue.

Question 111

110. The cells of a tissue are long and cylindrical and are contain a great number of nuclei. In what type of tissue will such a cell be found? A. Neural tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Epithelial tissue D. Connective tissue

Answer 111

Answer is B: The cell is a skeletal muscle fibre, so the tissue is muscle tissue.

Question 112

111. What types of cells are found in a single layer lining the inner surface of the tubes in the body and are surrounded by a noncellular membrane? A. Neural tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Epithelial tissue D. Connective tissue

Answer 112

Answer is C: The description indicates epithelial cells and their basement membrane.

Question 113

112. A particular tissue contains cells that are widely separated from each other and surrounded by a tissue component that is not cellular. What type of tissue conforms with this description? A. Neural tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Epithelial tissue D. Connective tissue

Answer 113

Answer is D: Connective tissue consists of a noncellular matrix in which are distributed cells that are not adjacent to each other.