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Epidemiology & Research Methods I (EPI) > 2.1 EPI - Overview on Descriptive Studies > Flashcards

2.1 EPI - Overview on Descriptive Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Primary characteristic of a 5-Star Physician necessary for descriptive studies (one of the 5 stars), that states that “everything is evidence-based”.

A

Researcher

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2
Q

2 Approaches to Research and their subcategories

A

Observational: Descriptive and Analytical

Experimental: Clinical Trials, Field Trial, Community Trial

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3
Q

Types of Observational - Descriptive studies

A

1) Case Report
2) Case Series
3) Ecological
4) Cross-sectional

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4
Q

Types of Observational - Analytical studies

A

1) Cross-sectional
2) Case Control
3) Cohort

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5
Q

T/F: The lack of manipulation of the study factor by the investigator is characteristic of Observational studies

A

TRUE

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6
Q

T/F: A descriptive study is an inquiry into the nature of an unknown phenomenon or the occurrence of an event

A

TRUE

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7
Q

T/F: A descriptive study gives us the ability to explain relationships, as well as providing better understanding of the nature of the subject of the study

A

FALSE. Descriptive studies cannot explain relationships

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8
Q

T/F: A descriptive study helps in the formulation of a hypothesis, though it cannot test the hypothesis

A

TRUE

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9
Q

The aim of a descriptive study:

A

Infer to the reference population the findings from a sample

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10
Q

Define: prevalent studies

A

Studies that describe how many people have a particular disease, how many have died from it, etc.

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11
Q

T/F: A case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of a group of carefully selected subjects

A

FALSE. A case report deals with an INDIVIDUAL patient

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12
Q

T/F: Case reports may describe either novel occurrences or rare cases.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Identify at least 2 topics of focus of most case reports.

A

1) Identifying possible associations between diseases or symptoms.
2) Unexpected events in the course of observing a patient.
3) Possible pathogenesis of a disease.
4) Unique or rare features of a disease.
5) Unique therapeutic approaches.

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14
Q

Limitations of a case report.

A

There is no statistical analysis or comparative group.

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15
Q

T/F: Case reports may provide the 1st report of an unexpected event

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Define: “Creeping Eruption”

A

a serpiginous skin eruption - caused by burrowing larvae of animal hookworms

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17
Q

Identify Type of Descriptive Study: commonly used to report unusual, rare, or unexpected events

A

Case Report

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18
Q

Identify Type of Descriptive Study: medical research study that may be retrospective or proscpective

A

Case Series

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19
Q

Identify Type of Descriptive Study: contains a brief objective report of the clinical characteristic or outcome from a group of clinical subjects

A

Case Series

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20
Q

Identify Type of Descriptive Study: contains a brief objective report of the clinical characteristic or outcome from a single clinical subject or event.

A

Case Report

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21
Q

Define: case selection bias

A

Selection of individuals with unique characteristics, which limits findings to only be applicable to a small group and NOT the general population.

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22
Q

T/F: Case Series studies shows temporal relationships between events and outcomes.

A

FALSE. Case series studies cannot show temporal relationships

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23
Q

T/F: Case Series studies have the benefit of providing statistical validity applicable to the general population.

A

FALSE

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24
Q

T/F: Case Series studies require a large sample size (at least 100 cases)

A

FALSE. Requires around 10 cases, but may even be considered as a case series with a sample size of 4-5

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25
Q

T/F: Case Series studies are different from Case Reports in that Case Series have a control or comparison group.

A

FALSE. Neither Case Reports nor Case Series study designs have a control or comparison group.

26
Q

Identify Type of Descriptive Study: variables are all measured at a single point in time, with no structural distinction between predictors (exposure) or outcomes

A

Cross-Sectional

27
Q

Identify Type of Descriptive Study: makes no attempt to establish a temporal relationship

A

Cross-Sectional

28
Q

Identify Type of Descriptive Study: when a change in one measured variable is noted with a change in another

A

Ecological

29
Q

Fill-In the Blank: An Ecologic Study describes the _____ and _______ of correlation between variables

A

Magnitude; Direction

30
Q

Type of Ecologic Study that use on-going surveillance or frequent cross-sectional studies to measure trends in disease rates over many years in a defined population.

A

Longitudinal Ecologic Study

31
Q

T/F: An ecologic study is useful for suggesting hypotheses, but cannot be used to draw causal conclusions

A

TRUE

32
Q

Type of Fallacy/Bias: a logical error in the interpretation of statistical data, whereby inferences about the nature of specific individuals are based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which those individuals belong

A

Ecological Fallacy

33
Q

Type of Fallacy/Bias: individuals chosen possess unique characteristics, which limits findings to only be applicable to a small group and NOT the general population.

A

Case-Selection Bias

34
Q

Type of Fallacy/Bias: assumes that individual members of a group have the average characteristics of the group at large

A

Ecological Fallacy

35
Q

T/F: In an Ecologic Study, statistics that accurately describe group characteristics do not necessarily apply to individuals within that group.

A

TRUE

36
Q

Type of Relationship: Increase in the value of one variable is associated with a decrease in the second variable

A

Negative Relationship

37
Q

Type of Relationship: Increase in the value of one variable is associated with both increase and decrease in the second variable

A

Curvilinear Relationship

38
Q

Type of Relationship: Increase in the value of one variable is associated with a increase in the second variable

A

Positive Relationship

39
Q

Identify: In an ecologic study, it is computed to specify the nature of the relationship between variables after observations are collected.

A

Pearson correlational coefficient (r)

40
Q

T/F: Pearson’s “r” measures the degree of correlation of 2 non-continuous variables in an interval scale

A

FALSE. Continuous variables

41
Q

Range of values of Pearson’s “r” that indicates that there is little or no relationship

A

0.00-0.25

42
Q

Range of values of Pearson’s “r” that indicates that there is good to excellent relationship

A

> 0.75

43
Q

Range of values of Pearson’s “r” that indicates that there is a fair degree of relationship

A

0.26-0.50

44
Q

Range of values of Pearson’s “r” that indicates that there is moderate to good relationship

A

0.51-0.75

45
Q

In the example examining correlations between meteorological parameters and prostate cancer, the ecologic study found that the colder temperature and drier climate in a country had what type of relationship with incidence of prostate cancer.

A

Positive Relationship

46
Q

Fill-In the Blank: Cross-sectional studies may involve the measurement of _____ exposure and/or ______ exposure.

A

Current; Historic

47
Q

T/F: Cross-sectional studies are valuable in providing descriptive information about prevalence of a particular variable under study

A

TRUE

48
Q

The 3 General Steps in doing a Cross-Sectional study.

A

1) Select a sample from the population.
2) Collect data using standardized data collection method.
3) Analyze the collected data

49
Q

Strengths of a Cross-Sectional study.

A

1) It is quick, cheap, and easy
2) Can study multiple exposures and multiple diseases.
3) True rates are determined (prevalence)

50
Q

T/F: Cross-sectional studies are impractical for rare cases

A

TRUE

51
Q

T/F: Cross-sectional studies are useful for establishing causal relationships (allows us to answer the question of which came first)

A

FALSE. Cannot establish causal relationships since the variables were taken at one point in time.

52
Q

A Pearson’s “r” value of >0.75 indicates:

A

Good to excellent relationship

53
Q

A Pearson’s “r” value of 0.26-0.50 indicates:

A

Fair degree of relationship

54
Q

A Pearson’s “r” value of 0.00-0.25 indicates:

A

Little or no relationship

55
Q

A Pearson’s “r” value of 0.51-0.75 indicates:

A

Moderate to good relationship

56
Q

In Descriptive Epidemiology, health outcomes are classifications according to these variables.

A

Person, Place, and Time

57
Q

T/F: Descriptive Epidemiology refers to studies that are concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.

A

TRUE

58
Q

T/F: Studies in descriptive epidemiology are focused on the development of hypotheses, which set the stage for subsequent research.

A

TRUE

59
Q

Bonus: Conrad’s Favorite Food

A

Peanut Butter

60
Q

Bonus: Conrad’s Favorite Drink

A

Root Beer

Epidemiology & Research Methods I (EPI) (13 decks)

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