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IB Biology > 2.1 Molecules to metabolism > Flashcards

2.1 Molecules to metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

The field of study focussing on investigating biological activity at a molecular level

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2
Q

What regulates biological processes?

A

Enzymes

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3
Q

What controls enzymes expression?

A

Gene activation

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4
Q

What determines changes in activity in biological processes?

A

Signalling molecules

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5
Q

What are the two origins of signalling molecules?

A

Endogenous or exogenous

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6
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A compound that contains carbon and is found in living things

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7
Q

What are exceptions to organic compounds?

A

Carbides
Carbonates
Oxides of carbon
Cyanides

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8
Q

Why does carbon form the basis of organic life?

A

Its ability to form large and complex molecules via covalent bonding

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9
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon atoms form?

A

Four

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10
Q

Describe the stability in bonds between carbon atoms?

A

Stable

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11
Q

What do carbon properties allow carbon to form?

A

A wide variety of organic compounds that are chemically stable

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12
Q

How many main classes of carbon compounds are there?

A

Four

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13
Q

What are the main classes of carbon compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

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14
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound found in nature?

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of and in what ratio?

A

C H and O atoms in a ratio of (CH2O)n

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16
Q

What is the principal function of carbohydrates?

A

A source of energy and a short term energy storage option

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17
Q

What is carbohydrates important as?

A

Recognition molecules and as a structural component

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18
Q

What are lipids?

A

Non polar, hydrophobic molecules

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19
Q

What are the three different types of lipids?

A

Simple
Complex
Derived

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20
Q

What are lipids a major component of?

A

Cell membranes as phospholipids and cholesterol

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21
Q

What do lipids also function as?

A

Signalling molecules and long term energy storage molecules

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22
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Genetic materials of all cells and determines the features of an organism

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23
Q

What does the nucleic acid DNA function as?

A

A master code for protein assembly

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24
Q

What does the nucleic acid RNA play a role in?

A

In the manufacturing of proteins

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25
What percentage of dry weight if cells do proteins make up?
Over 50%
26
What are proteins composed of?
C, H, O and N atoms (and some S)
27
What do proteins do?
Function as regulatory molecules involved in catalysis as structural molecules play a role in cellular signalling
28
What is a monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
29
What is a monomer of nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
30
What is a monomer of protein?
Amino acid
31
What is a monomer of lipids?
Fatty acid
32
What is a polymer of carbohydrates?
Starch
33
What is a polymer of nucleic acids?
Double helix (DNA)
34
What is a polymer of proteins?
Polypeptide
35
What is a polymer of lipids?
Triglyceride
36
What is a cellular structure of carbohydrates?
Granules in chloroplasts
37
What is a cellular structure of nucleic acids?
Chromosome
38
What is a cellular structure of protein?
Intermediate filaments
39
What is a cellular structure of lipids?
Adipose cells
40
What are complex macromolecules composed of?
Monomers
41
What are monomers?
Smaller recurring subunits
42
Do lipids contain recurring monomers?
No they are composed of distinct subunits
43
What are carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins all comprised of?
Monomeric subunits that join together to form larger polymers
44
What are monosaccharides the building blocks of?
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
45
What type of structure do most monosaccharides form?
Ring structures
46
Why do lipids not have a common recurring monomer?
Because they have many different classes which differ in structure
47
What do triglycerids, phospholipids and waxes all contain in their overall structure?
Fatty acid chains
48
What are fatty acids?
Long chains of hydrocarbons that may or may not have double bonds
49
What do amino acids join together to form?
Polypeptide chains
50
What does each amino acid consist of?
A central carbon connected to an amine group and an opposing carboxyl group
51
What gives different amino acids different properties?
A variable group often denoted as R
52
What do nucleotides join together to form?
Polynucleotide chains
53
What does each nucleotide consist of?
A pentose sugar A phosphate group A nitrogenous base
54
What differs between DNA and RNA?
The type of sugar and composition of bases
55
What is the structure of complex carbohydrates dependent on?
The composition of monomeric subunits
56
What do polysaccharides differ in accordance to?
The type of monosaccharide they possess and the way the subunits bond together
57
What can glucose monomers be combined to form?
A variety of different polymers like glycogen, cellulose and starch
58
What are simple lipids?
Esters of fatty acids and alcohol
59
What are compound lipids?
Esters of fatty acids, alcohol and additional groups
60
What are derived lipids?
Substances derived from simple or compound lipids
61
What joins amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
62
Where do peptide bonds form between?
The amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids
63
What creates a dipeptide?
The fusion of two amino acids
64
What does further additions of amino acids result in?
The formation of a polypeptide chain
65
What does the subsequent folding of a polypeptide chain depend on?
The order of amino acids in a sequence
66
Where do nucleotides form bonds between?
The pentose sugar and phosphate group
67
What do the nucleotide bonds form?
Long polynucleotide chains
68
In DNA what will pair up to form double strands?
Two complementary chains via hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases
69
What does the double stranded molecule in DNA twist to form?
A double helical arrangement
70
What is vitalism?
A doctrine that said organic molecules could only be synthesised by living systems
71
In accordance to vitalism what was it believed living things had to make organic molecules?
A certain vital force
72
In accordance to vitalism what was it thought that organic compound possessed?
A non physical element lacking from inorganic molecules
73
Why has vitalism been disproven?
Because organic molecules can be made artificially
74
In 1828 what did Frederick Woehler heat to create what?
He heated inorganic salt to make urea
75
What is urea?
A waste product of nitrogen metabolism
76
What did the artificial synthesis of urea show?
That organic molecules are not fundamentally different to inorganic molecules
77
What is metabolism?
All of the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
78
What is all of the enzyme catalysed reactions that occur within a cell or organism called?
Metabolism
79
What are the two key functions of metabolic reactions?
They provide a source of energy for cellular processes They enable the synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use within the cell
80
What are anabolic reactions?
The set of metabolic reactions that build up complex molecules from simpler ones
81
What is the type of reaction that happens in anabolic reaction?
Condensation reactions
82
When do condensation reactions occur?
When monomers are covalently joined and water is produced as a by-product
83
How are monosaccharides joined via?
Glycosidic linkages
84
How are amino acids joined via?
Peptide bonds
85
How are glycerol and fatty acids joined via?
Ester linkage
86
How are nucleotides joined via?
Phosphodiester bonds
87
What is the purpose of anabolism?
Synthesising complex molecules from simpler ones
88
Describe the energetics behind anabolism?
It uses energy to construct new bonds
89
What do anabolism typically involves, reduction or oxidation reactions?
Reduction reactions
90
What is produced in condensation reactions happen?
Water
91
What are catabolic reactions?
The set of metabolic reactions that break complex molecules down into simpler molecules
92
What does the breakdown of organic molecules via catabolism typically occur via?
Hydrolysis reactions
93
What do hydrolysis reactions need and why?
The consumption of water molecules to break the bonds within the polymer
94
Describe the energy in catabolism reactions?
Releases energy when bonds are broken
95
What do catabolism typically involves, reduction or oxidation reactions?
Oxidation reactions
96
What is the mnemonic for catabolism?
Break-dancing cat
97
What is the mnemonic for anabolism?
Anna the builder

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