Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PE - Year 1 > 2.1 - Skill characteristics and their impact on transfer and practice > Flashcards

2.1 - Skill characteristics and their impact on transfer and practice Flashcards

1
Q

define skill

A

a learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the characteristics of skills that make a good performance?

A

Learned
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient

Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why should we classify skills?

A
  • it is important when teaching new/novel skills
  • coaches need to be able to create sessions which are relevant to the learner/ player
  • skill is learned in a closed environment and then gradually becomes more opened as they become more skilled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name each continuum and its key word.

A

Fine —- Gross (muscular involvement)
Open —- Closed (environmental influence/stimuli)
Discrete —– continuous (continuity)
Self paced —– externally paced (external/internal stimulus)
simple —- complex (complexity - how many decisions?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define a closed skill

include an example

A

skill performed in a predictable environment

e.g javelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define an open skill

include an example

A

skill performed in an unpredictable environment

e.g rugby tackle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define a gross skill

include an example

A

skill that uses large muscle groups

e.g rugby tackle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define a fine skill

include an example

A

skill that uses smaller muscle groups

e.g darts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define a self-paced skill

include an example

A

when the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill
e.g high jump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define a externally-paced skill

include an example

A

when the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill
e.g returning a tennis serve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define a discrete skill

include an example

A

a skill with a clear beginning and end

e.g free throw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define a continuous skill

include an example

A

a discrete skill in a repetitive movement

e.g cycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a serial skill?

include an example

A

skill with several discrete skills in order to make more integrated movement
e.g triple jump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define a simple skill

include an example

A

a skill that requires few decisions when being performed

e.g football pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define a complex skill

include an example

A

a skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed
e.g rugby tackle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define a high-organised skill

include an example

A

skills that are not easily broken into parts

e.g football volley (or golf swing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define a low-organised skill

include an example

A

skills that are easily broken into parts

e.g swimming stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define transfer of learning

A

the effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the four types of transfer of learning

A
  1. positive
  2. negative
  3. zero
  4. bilateral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define positive transfer of learning

include an example

A

when the learning of one skill helps another

e. g basketball pass and netball pass
- have similar shape/form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define negative transfer of learning

include an example

A

when the learning of a skill hinders the learning of another

e. g rugby conversion and a football penalty
- familiarity with how the skills are performed

22
Q

define zero transfer of learning

include an example

A

when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another

e. g swimming arm action and the foot placement in rock climbing
- skills have no similarities (no aspect of confusion)

23
Q

define bilateral transfer of learning

include an example

A

when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
e.g encouraging a right-footed player to play with their left foot / learning with their left in training

24
Q

how does a coach maximise a positive transfer of skills?

A
  1. highlight the similarities
    - using similar muscles, actions
  2. make sure the skill is well learned and autonomous
  3. plan progressions
  4. make sure the practice situations are realistic
  5. confident and motivated players
25
Q

what should a coach do if there is a negative transfer of skills?

A
  1. highlight the differences and eliminate bad habits
  2. identify elements that might hinder transfer
  3. misunderstanding movement (e.g rounders hit needs hand eye coordination)
26
Q

what are the 3 methods of presenting practice?

A
  1. whole practice
  2. whole - part - whole practice
  3. progressive part practice
27
Q

what is whole practice?

include an example

A

practising the skill in its entirety

e.g: golf swing or cycling

28
Q

what is whole - part - whole practice?

include an example

A

assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together
e.g: volleyball spike

29
Q

what is progressive part practice ?

include an example

A

practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually
(sometimes called chaining)
e.g: triple jump or swimming strokes

30
Q

when do you use whole practice?

A 
when a skill is: 
fast 
closed 
self paced 
simple 
highly organised
31
Q

what are the advantages of whole practice?

A
  • helps to create specific images that can be stored in the LTM
  • more realistic
  • helps make the skill consistent
  • not time consuming
32
Q

what are the disadvantages of whole practice?

A
  • may place unnecessary demands on the performer
  • they may not be able to cope with all aspects of the skill at once
  • possibility of fatigue
  • not for beginners
33
Q

when do you use whole - part - whole practice?

A

when the skill is:
complex
hard to break down
requires concentration for the whole skill

34
Q

what are the advantages of whole - part - whole practice?

A
  • provides motivation when success is achieved
  • provides immediate feedback
  • maintains the feel, fluency and integration of the routines
35
Q

what are the disadvantages of whole - part - whole practice?

A
  • can produce negative transfer
  • more time consuming
  • can’t be used with highly organised skills
36
Q

when do you use progressive part practice?

A

when the skill is:

  • complex
  • low organisation
37
Q

what are the advantages of progressive part practice?

A
  • allows you to focus on one aspect of the task
  • reduce in fatigue
  • may improve confidence
38
Q

what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?

A
  • time-consuming
  • neglect feel of the whole task
  • danger of negative transfer
39
Q

what are the four types of practice?

A
  1. massed practice
  2. distributed practice
  3. varied practice
  4. mental practice
40
Q

what is massed practice and when do you use it?

A
  • continuous with no rest intervals between practiced
    e. g: basketballer practicing a free throw

use when skill is:

  • discrete
  • simple
  • closed
41
Q

what are the advantages of massed practice?

A
  • promotes fitness
  • fixed responses become habitual
  • motor programmes: images stored in memory can be recalled easier
  • efficient use of coach and player time
42
Q

what are the disadvantages of massed practice?

A
  • no time for feedback
  • fatigue
  • can be too demanding
43
Q

what s distributed practice and when would you use it?

A
  • e. g: swimmer practicing stroke technique in training

use when skill is:

  • continuous (performer needs a break)
  • open
  • complex
  • externally paced
44
Q

what are the advantages of distributed practice?

A
  • allows recovery
  • less mental pressure
  • allows mental rehearsal / feedback
  • reduces danger
45
Q

what are the disadvantages of distributed practice?

A
  • time consuming

- possibility of negative transfer

46
Q

what is mental practice and when would you use it?

A
  • can be internal (emotions) or external (mental picture of environment)
    e. g: a performer going over the routine before a trampoline competition

use when skill is:

  • serial
  • complex
  • novice and expert
47
Q

what are the advantages of mental practice?

A
  • improves reaction time
  • builds motor programmes
  • builds confidence
  • controls anxiety
48
Q

what are the disadvantages of mental practice?

A
  • it must be correct

- environment must be calm

49
Q

what is varied practice and when would you use it?

A
  • e. g: players practising a football pass

use when skill is:

  • complex
  • open
  • externally paced
50
Q

what are the advantages of varied practice?

A
  • builds a schema
  • gives motivation
  • allows adaptation

PE - Year 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions