2.1.1 Cell structure: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Question 1

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 1

Controls cell activities and holds/stores the genetic material of an organism (DNA)

Question 2

The nucleus has a …

Answer 2

Double membrane

Question 3

What is the double membrane called (Nucleus)?

Answer 3

Nuclear Envelope

Question 4

What is in the nucleus?

Answer 4

Nucleolus

Question 5

Structure of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 5

It has nuclear pores in its walls
It is continuous with the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 6

Separates the content in the nucleus from the external environment (cytoplasm)

Question 7

Functions of the pores in the nuclear envelope?

Answer 7

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus
e.g mRNA for protein synthesis or steroids going in

Question 8

Function of the nucleolus?

Answer 8

Synthesis/Production of ribosomes

Question 9

Structure of the nucleolus?

Answer 9

Not membrane-bound
Made from RNA

Question 10

How is DNA structured?

Answer 10

As Chromatin

Question 11

Chromatin is?

Answer 11

DNA wound around histone proteins

Question 12

How is Chromatin usually found as?

Answer 12

Found spread out or extended in the nucleus and only condenses into the chromosome structure before cell division (late prophase)

Question 13

Chromatin makes up…

Answer 13

the genome of an organism

Question 14

What is the function of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 14

Facilitates protein synthesis by providing a large surface area for the ribosomes on its surface.
The ribosomes on the RER transport the newly synthesised protein to the Golgi to be modified and packaged

It is a transport system

Question 15

Structure of the RER:

Answer 15

Has fluid-filled sacs and is a membrane system (cisternae)
Continuous with the Nuclear Envelope
Has Ribosomes on its surface

Question 16

Function of the SER?

Answer 16

Synthesis of lipids (and some carbs)

Question 17

Examples of the products synthesised in the SER:

Answer 17

Cholesterol
Steroid Hormones

Question 18

Structure of SER:

Answer 18

Fluid-like sacs (cisternae)

Question 19

Structure of Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 19

Fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs with vesicles surrounding them

Question 20

2 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 20

1. Processes and Modifies proteins that have come from the RER and repackages them into vesicles for exocytosis
2. Synthesises (Produces) Lysosomes

Question 21

What are ribosomes made up of?

Answer 21

RNA and proteins

Question 22

Ribosomes are not…

Answer 22

Membrane-Bound

Question 23

Function of Ribosomes?

Answer 23

Site of protein Synthesis; translates functional RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide

Question 24

Ribosomes can be?

Answer 24

Cytoplasmic
Stuck on RER

Question 25

Mitochondria function?

Answer 25

Site of ATP production during Aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Prodcues ATP Mitochondria can self-replicate to cater to areas with high energy requirements

Question 26

Mitochondria Structure?

Answer 26

It has a double Membrane with multiple folds called cristae which increases the organelle's surface area for increased respiration

Question 27

Lysosomes structure?

Answer 27

Phospholipid rings with hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes) within, that are separate from the cytoplasm

Question 28

Lysosomes function:

Answer 28

Engulfs and destroys old organelles or foreign waste material using the digestive enzymes

Question 29

Plasma Membrane consists of?

Answer 29

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins within and between the layer Has cholesterol

Question 30

Function of Plasma Membrane?

Answer 30

Controls the movement of substance in and out of the cell surface membrane Cholesterol regulates the fluidity of the Membrane Holds the cell and its content together in a cell

Question 31

Centrioles Structure?

Answer 31

Bundles of microtubules in a 9+2 structure (with motor proteins for mobility) which form spindle fibres.

Question 32

Centrioles function?

Answer 32

The spindle Fibres pull apart the sister chromatids (anaphase) during mitosis They also form cilia and flagellum

Question 33

Chloroplast Function:

Answer 33

Site of photosynthesis

Question 34

Chloroplast Structure:

Answer 34

Has a double membrane where chlorophyll is held in thylakoids These thylakoids are stacked into Grana Lamellae link together the Grana

Question 35

Cell Wall function and structure:

Answer 35

Function: Supports and strengthens the cell Structure: Rigid and tough

Question 36

The plant cell wall is made up of the polysaccharide...

Answer 36

Cellulose

Question 37

The Fungi cell wall is made up of the polysaccharide...

Answer 37

Chitin

Question 38

The Bacteria cell wall is made up of the polysaccharide...

Answer 38

Peptidoglycan

Question 39

The Prokaryotes cell wall is made up of the polysaccharide...

Answer 39

Murein

Question 40

Vacuole structure and function:

Answer 40

Structure: Contains cell sap, proteins and extra nutrients Function: Keeps cell turgid

Question 41

What is flagella?

Answer 41

A tail-like projection that contains a bundle of microtubules with motor proteins) which allows it to move and propel itself Found of sperm cells

Question 42

Cilia?

Answer 42

Hair like projections found on the surface of cells Has bundles of microtubules and can be found in the trachea and small intestine