211: CH. 6

Question 1

psychosocial theory

Answer 1

Created by Erik Erikson and is the most influential physchoanalytic approach

Question 2

basic trust vs mistrust

Answer 2

when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving the psychological conflict of trust vs mistrust is resolved on the positive side

Question 3

when is trust vs mistrust resolved

Answer 3

the first year

Question 4

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 4

is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with sustainable guidance and reasonable choices

Question 5

basic emotions

Answer 5

happiness, surprise, interest, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.

Question 6

are basic emotions universal in humans and other primates?

Answer 6

yes, they have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival

Question 7

what is a social smile

Answer 7

when between the ages of 6 and 10 weeks the parents communication evokes a broad grin in the child

Question 8

what is stranger anxiety?

Answer 8

the most frequent expression of fear to unfamiliar adults

Question 9

what is a secure base?

Answer 9

when the children use the caregiver as a point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support

Question 10

what is social referencing?

Answer 10

when infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

Question 11

what are the self conscious emotions?

Answer 11

guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride (GSEEP)

Question 12

why are the self conscious emotions called that?

Answer 12

because each involves inquiry to or enhancement of our sense of self

Question 13

what is Emotional Self- regulation

Answer 13

refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

Question 14

when is the childs laugh developed

Answer 14

3-4 months

Question 15

when does anger begin to show in a child?

Answer 15

4-6 months

Question 16

what is sadness a response to in a infant?

Answer 16

it is a response to disrupted caregiver - infant communication

Question 17

when does fear begin to develop in a child?

Answer 17

the second half of the first year, or 6-12 months

Question 18

when do self conscious emotions appear?

Answer 18

ages 1 1/2 and 3 years

Question 19

what are the self conscious emotions?

Answer 19

Embarrassment (norm violation), Envy, Pride, Guilt, Embarrassment (exposure), shame, and empathy

Question 20

what do both types of self conscious emotions require?

Answer 20

1. awareness of self as both separate and unique
2. adult instruction in when to feel emotions

Question 21

what is emotional Self- regulation

Answer 21

Adjusting one’s own state
of emotional intensity

Question 22

when does emotional Self- regulation improve?

Answer 22

over first year with brain development

Question 23

does emotional Self- regulation require “effortful control”?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

what do caregivers do to improve self regulation

Answer 24

1. contribute to child’s self-regulation style
2. teach socially approved ways of expressing
   feelings

Question 25

who created the structure of temperament?

Answer 25

Thomas and chess (1956, 1977)

Question 26

what are the different kinds of children?

Answer 26

- Easy: 40% - helps against stress - Difficult: 10% - Slow-to-warm-up: 15% - Unclassified: 35%

Question 27

what did rothbart (2003) study in children?

Answer 27

reactivity

Question 28

what is reactivity?

Answer 28

quickness and intensity of: 1. emotional arousal 2. attention 3. motor activity

Question 29

how is reactivity and self regulation connected?

Answer 29

there are self regulation strategies that modify reactivity

Question 30

Neurobiological correlates of shyness and sociability are:

Answer 30

1. heart rate 2. saliva concentration of cortisol 3. pupil dilatation, blood pressure, skin surface temperature

Question 31

what is the persistence of temperamental style influenced by

Answer 31

child rearing practices

Question 32

what does the textbook define stability as in infants?

Answer 32

stability is: 1. low in infancy and toddler hood 2. moderate from preschool years on

Question 33

who created the ethological theory of attachment?

Answer 33

bowlby

Question 34

what does temperament develop with?

Answer 34

temperament develops with age, becoming more stable after the age of 3 years old

Question 36

what are the stages of Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment (1969)

Answer 36

1. Preattachment (0-6 weeks) 2. Attachment-in-the- making phase (6 wks-8mths) 3. Clear-cut attachment phase (8-18 months) 4. separation anxiety 5. Reciprocal relationship with caregiver (18-24 months +)

Question 37

how many different types of measuring attachment security are there?

Answer 37

4 types: one secure and 3 insecure

Question 38

what are the four types of measuring attachment security?

Answer 38

1. Secure: 60% 2. Avoidant: 15% 3. Resistant: 10% 4. Disorganized/ disoriented: 15%

Question 39

are there cultural variations in attachment security?

Answer 39

yes there are you imbecile

Question 40

what are multiple attachment's?

Answer 40

1. fathers 2. siblings 3. grandparents 4. professional caregivers

Question 41

what are the factors that affect attachment security?

Answer 41

1. early availability of consistent caregiver 2. quality of care giving, sensitive care giving and interactional synchrony in Western cultures 3. infant characteristics 4. family circumstances 5. parents internal working models

Question 42

what is secure attachment related to?

Answer 42

later cognitive and emotional and social competence

Question 43

what promotes favorable development of toddlers?

Answer 43

continuity of caregiving

Question 44

what is responsible for about half of individual differences?

Answer 44

genetic influences

Question 45

what do genetic influences vary with?

Answer 45

trait and age of individuals studied

Question 46

what are environmental influences to temperament/attachment

Answer 46

1. nutrition 2. quality of care giving 3.cultural variations 4. gender stereotyping 5. role of siblings