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Psych 211: Developmental Psychology > 211: CH. 8 > Flashcards

211: CH. 8 Flashcards

Developmental Psychology (74 cards)

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1
Q

who theorized initiative vs guilt?

A

Erikson

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2
Q

what is initiative?

A

having a:
- new sense of purposefulness
- eagerness to try new things and join activities (play permits trying out new skills)
- having strides in confidence development

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2
Q

What is guilt?

A

overly strict superego or conscious that causes too much guilt

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3
Q

what is guilt related to?

A

parental threats, criticism, and punishment

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3
Q

what does self awareness promote development of?

A

self concept

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3
Q

what is self concept

A

a person’s perception of who they are, including their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about themselves

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4
Q

what to emerging language skills enable children to do?

A

enables children to discuss their inner mental states

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5
Q

what does self concept consist largely of?

A

observable characteristics such as appearance, possessions, and behavior

as wells as typical emotions and attitudes such as “I like…” and “I don’t like…”

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6
Q

what does self concept not yet reference?

A

personality traits such as “I’m shy”

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7
Q

when it comes to self concept, is emotions based more internally or externally?

A

externally

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8
Q

delay of video self identification happens until what age?

A

age 4

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9
Q

what is self esteem?

A

self judgement and associated feelings; a person’s overall evaluation of their worth or value, and their beliefs about their abilities and limitations

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10
Q

what are influences on self esteem?

A
  • emotional experiences
  • future behavior
  • long term psychological adjustment
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11
Q

gains in emotional competence show improvements in:

A
  • emotional understanding
  • emotional self regulation
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12
Q

preschoolers have the emotional understanding to correctly judge:

A
  • causes of emotions
  • consequences of emotions
  • behavioral signs of emotions
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13
Q

gains in emotional competence increase in what emotions?

A

self conscious emotions (shame, guilt, pride, and empathy, GSEEP)

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14
Q

what is preschoolers emotional understanding challenged by?

A

situations offering conflicting emotional cues

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15
Q

what are some factors that contribute to emotional understanding?

A

parents, siblings, peers, and make believe play

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16
Q

what happens to emotional self regulation by ages 3-4?

A

children are aware of strategies for adjusting emotional arousal

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17
Q

what is emotional self regulation affected by?

A
  • temperament (effortful control)
  • warm parents who use verbal guidance
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18
Q

no full distinction between appearance and reality yields what kinds of fears?

A
  1. monsters
  2. ghosts
  3. darkness
  4. preschool/childcare
  5. animals
    (phobias are also possible)
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19
Q

what do self conscious emotions depend on?

A

adult feedback (labeling help)

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20
Q

what are self conscious emotions?

A

GSEEP: guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride

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21
Q

what is empathy?

A

feeling same or similar emotions as another person

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22
what is sympathy?
feeling concern or sorrow for another's plight
23
what motivates children towards pro-social behavior?
empathy
24
does empathy usually lead to sympathy in children?
yes but not with all children, some children become personally distressed when feeling empathy
25
what are two factors that encourage sympathy, empathy, and pro-social behavior?
1. nature (temperament) 2. nurture (parenting)
26
what is nature (temperament)?
1. sociable 2. assertive 3. good at emotional self regulation
27
what is nurture (parenting)?
warm sensitive parents who: 1. show empathetic concern 2. encourage emotional expressiveness
28
what are the cognitive play categories?
1. functional play (0-2 yrs) 2. constructive play (3-6 yrs) 3. make believe play (2-6 yrs)
29
what is functional play (0-2 yrs)
simple, repetitive motor movements, with or without objects
30
what is make believe play (2-6 yrs)
acting out everyday and imaginative roles
31
what is constructive play (3-6 yrs)
creating or constructing something
32
who studied peer sociability in play?
Parten (1932)
33
what are the four kinds of peer sociability in play?
1. nonsocial activity 2. parallel play 3. associative play 4. cooperative play
34
what is nonsocial activity in play?
unoccupied, onlooker behavior, solitary play example: a child playing with blocks alone, completely focused on building a tower without interacting with other children around them
35
what is parallel play?
plays near other children with similar materials, does not try to influence them example: when two children sit next to each other playing with the same toys, like blocks, but each child builds their own separate structure without directly interacting or coordinating with the other child
36
what is associative play?
engages in separate activities, exchanges toys and comments example: two children playing with dolls side-by-side, talking to each other, and interacting with the dolls in their own separate storylines
37
what is cooperative play?
orients with peers toward a common play goal example: children working together to build a sandcastle on the beach
38
how do collectivist cultures vary in play?
1. they stress group harmony 2. discourage self assertion
39
true or false, cultures vary in belief about the importance of play
true
40
what are the four perspectives on moral development?
1. psychoanalytic (emotional) 2. social learning (social moral) 3. cognitive developmental (thinking) 4. theological factors (spiritual)
41
what is the psychoanalytic (emotional) approach built upon?
Frued's ideologies of superego and guilt, however new evidence shows that the psychoanalytic approach is is based upon induction, and empathy based guilt
42
what is social learning (social moral) based upon?
modeling and moral behavior, as well as punishment
43
what is cognitive developmental (thinking) based upon?
children as active thinkers about social rules
44
what are theological factors (spiritual) based upon?
sin as a core human trait and need for holy spirit to regenerate a heart
45
who created effective models of moral behavior?
social learning theorist bandura 1977
46
what is inductive discipline?
pointing out the effects of a child's misbehavior on OTHERS example: saying "When you take your brother's toy without asking, it makes him feel sad because he doesn't have it to play with. How would you feel if someone took your favorite toy?"
47
true or false, inductive discipline is active training in perspective- taking that helps children understand their effect on others.
true
48
what are some key points in effective models of moral behavior?
1. warmth and responsiveness 2. competent restrained power 3. consistency between words and behavior
49
what are the three kinds of child aggression?
1. physical 2. verbal 3. relational
50
is physical aggression direct or indirect?
either
51
is verbal aggression direct or indirect?
always direct
52
is relational aggression direct or indirect?
either
53
how is harm caused in regards to physical aggression?
physical injury
54
how is harm caused in regards to verbal aggression?
threats of physical aggression, name-calling, and teasing
55
how is harm caused in regards to relational aggression?
social exclusion, malicious gossip, and friendship manipulation
56
what is an example of physical aggression?
punching someone, kicking someone, slapping someone, or hitting someone
57
what is an example of verbal aggression?
calling someone names, yelling insults, making threats, or using harsh language to intentionally inflict emotional harm; essentially, using words to deliberately hurt or intimidate someone.
58
what is an example of relational aggression?
Spreading false rumors about another person to embarrass them or ruin their reputation
59
are the three types of childhood aggression proactive or reactive (in defense)?
each can be either proactive or reactive
60
what is the ultimate cause of aggression?
ultimately it is sin, default selfishness
61
what are individual differences as the sources of aggression?
gender and temperament
62
what is the source of aggression in regards to family?
harsh inconsistent discipline as well as cycles of such discipline, whining and giving in
63
how does media violence increase aggression
media violence increases hostile thoughts and emotions and aggressive behavior
64
does media violence create short term or long term behavior problems
media violence creates both short term and long term behavior problems
65
what are the three theories of gender identity
1. social learning 2. cognitive developmental 3. gender schema
66
what is social learning in the theory of gender identity?
gender typed behavior leads to gender identity
67
what is the cognitive developmental theory of gender identity?
self perceptions (gender constancy) precede gender typed behavior
68
what is gender schema in the theory of gender identity?
combines social learning and cognitive developmental features
69
what are the two influences on gender typing?
genetic and environmental
70
what are the genetic influences of gender typing?
evolutionary adaptiveness and hormones
71
what are environmental family influences on gender typing?
- family - teachers - peers - broader social environment

Psych 211: Developmental Psychology (12 decks)

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