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Biology mod 2 Foundations in biology > 2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation > Flashcards

2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three phases of the cell cycle?

A

interphase, nuclear division (mitosis), Cell division (cytokinesis)

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2
Q

What is the movement from one phase in the cell cycle to another triggered by?

A

Chemicals called cyclins.

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3
Q

What are the three phases in interphase?

A

G1, S phase, G2

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4
Q

What happens during G1 in interphase?

A

The cell grows, new organelles and proteins are made.

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5
Q

What happens in S phase in interphase?

A

Cell replicates its DNA.

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6
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase?

A

The cell continues growing and prepares to divide.

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7
Q

Does mitosis occur in all somatic cells?

A

Yes

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8
Q

How many rounds of division are in mitosis?

A

One

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9
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

growth, repair, asexual reproduction

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10
Q

What type of cells does mitosis produce?

A

2 identical daughter diploid cells.

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do the cells produced from mitosis have?

A

46

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12
Q

What type of cells does meiosis produce?

A

4 non identical daughter haploid cells

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do the cells produced from meiosis have?

A

23

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14
Q

Are the cells produced by meiosis diploid or haploid?

A

haploid

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15
Q

Are the cells produced by mitosis diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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16
Q

How many rounds of division are involved in meiosis?

A

Two

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17
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A

sexual reproduction, production of gametes

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18
Q

How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

A

Four

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19
Q

What is the cell checked for in G1?

A

Damage.

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20
Q

What is the cell checked for in S phase?

A

Ensure that chromosomes have been replicated.

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21
Q

What is the cell checked for in G2 phase?

A

Additional check for if DNA damage has occurred.

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22
Q

When are each of the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, Metaphase.

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23
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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24
Q

What happens in prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes condense and are visible.
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Spindle fibres begin to emerge
DNA supercoils

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25
What happens in metaphase of mitosis?
chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
26
What happens in anaphase of mitosis?
Sister chromatids separate at centromere. Spindles shorten Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
27
What happens in telophase of mitosis?
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to recompense. Nuclear envelope reforms Spindle fibres break down
28
What happens in cytokinesis?
division of the cytoplasm
29
How many cells does meiosis produce?
four
30
How many cells does mitosis produce?
Two
31
What is the point at which sister chromatids are joined together called?
Centromere
32
What happens in prophase I of meiosis?
DNA condenses. Homologous chromosomes line up Crossing over Nuclear envelope breaks down Spindle fibres form
33
When does crossing over occur in meiosis?
Prophase 1
34
What happens in metaphase I of meiosis?
Bivalents line up along equator independent assortment.
35
At which stage of meiosis does independent assortment occur?
Metaphase I
36
What happens in anaphase I of meiosis?
Microtubules pull chromosomes to opposite ends of the spindle Centromeres do not divide
37
What happens in telophase I of meiosis?
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles spindles break down nuclear envelope reforms
38
What happens in prophase II of meiosis?
The nuclear envelope breaks down chrosomes condense Spindle fibres form at right angles to previous ones
39
What happens in metaphase II of meiosis?
Chromosomes line up in single file along the equator of the spindle
40
What happens in anaphase II of meiosis?
Centromeres divide and individual chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
41
What happens in telophase II of meiosis?
Nuclear membrane reofrms
42
What are the three mechanisms of creating genetically different offspring in meiosis?
Crossing over independent assortment Random fusion of gametes
43
What is crossing over?
When non-sister chromatids exchange alleles by getting entangled which places stress on the DNA molecules so a section on one chromosome will join with a section on the other chromosomes.
44
What is independent assortment?
The production of different combinations of chromosomes in daughter cells due to the random alignment of homologous pairs along the equator of the spindle.
45
What is random fusion of gametes?
Meiosis creates genetic variation between the gametes produced so every gamete carry's very different alleles. During fertilisation,any male gamete can fuse with any female one to create a zygote.
46
What is a stem cell?
a cell that can differentiate and become any type of human cell
47
What are the three levels of potency?
totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent
48
What is potency?
the ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialised cells
49
What is totipotency?
Stem cells which can differentiate into any cell type found in an embryo as well as the placenta.
50
What is pluripotency?
Embryonic stem cells which can differentiate into any cell type found in the embryo however not the placenta cells.
51
What is mutlipotency?
Adult stem cells that have lost potency. Can only produce a limited range of cell types e.g blood cells.
52
Where are adult stem cells found?
bone marrow
53
How are red blood cells formed?
From adult bone marrow stem cells.
54
Use of embryonic stem cells?
Huge potential in the treatment of disease.
55
Use of adult stem cells?
stem cells from healthy persons bone marrow can replace faulty blood cells in patient.
56
Why is the use of embryonic stem cells controversial?
It involves the destruction of embryos
57
What shape do red blood cells have?
Bioconcave disc
58
Function of red blood cells?
transport oxygen around the body.
59
Which pigment is found in red blood cells?
Haemoglobin
60
Why do red blood cells have a bioconcave shape?
Increase surface area.
61
Why is there no nucleus in red blood cells?
Makes more space inside the cell for maximum oxygen carrying capability.
62
Function of neutrophils.
phagocytosis
63
What type of nucleus do neutrophils have?
Lobed
64
Sperm cells function
To fertilise the egg
65
What does the sperm acrosome contain?
Digestive enzymes to break down the outer layer of egg cell .
66
What is the mid piece of sperm packed with?
Mitochondria
67
Function of root hair cell
Absorption of water and mineral ions from soil
68
Why do root hair cells have a large surface area?
To take up more water by osmosis.
69
Function of ciliated epithelium
moving substances across the surface of a tissue
70
Why do ciliated epithelium have cilia?
They beat in a coordinated way to shift material along the surface of the epithelium tissue.
71
Function of goblet cells?
Secrete mucus.
72
Function of guard cells
Opening and closing of the stomata to regulate water loss and gas exchange.

Biology mod 2 Foundations in biology (6 decks)

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