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Immunology > Lecture 16 - Lymphocyte Subsets (CD4+) > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Lymphocyte Subsets (CD4+) Flashcards

1
Q

Helper T cells
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Distinct lineage of T cells that express CD4
2) Lineage commitment derives from TCR interaction with MHCII
3) Mostly indirectly contribute to immunity

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2
Q 
How can CD4+ help macrophages?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) If macrophage is infected with intracellular pathogen (EG: Mycobacteria, Salmonella)
2) Macrophage presents pathogen antigen on MHCII
3) CD4+ recognises this, binds, releases IFNg
4) Macrophage increases microbicidal action (exact mechanism not known)

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3
Q

How do CD4+ T cells aid CD8+ response?
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Dendritic cell has both MHCI and MHCII receptors
2) Cognate CD4+ licenses DC with CD40-CD40L, MHCII-TCR interaction
3) This upregulates costimulatory molecules on DC that can stimulate CD8+ when cognate CD8+ binds

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4
Q

Do cognate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have to bind the same DC at the same time?

A

No.

CD4+ licenses DC, then CD8+ can bind to it and be activated.

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5
Q

Amount of time between DC contacting antigen and DC displaying antigen on MHC

A

~12 hours

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6
Q

Interleukin that stimulates T cell proliferation

A

IL-2

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7
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

Stimulates T cell proliferation

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8
Q

What releases IL-2 to stimulate CD8+ proliferation when CD8+ is being activated by a DC?

A

The CD8+ itself releases IL-2 and self-stimulates

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9
Q

Which Th cells help B cells?

A

T follicular helper cells (Tfh)

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10
Q 
What happens in a germinal centre when an antigen is presented?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Tfh express CCR7 on surface, B cells express CXCR5
2) CXCL13 is expressed in the follicle. CCL19 and CCL21 are expressed in the paracortex.
3) When Tfh and B cells are activated, the upregulate both CCR7 and CXCR5 expression, so that they move to the zone between the follicle and paracrotex.
4) In the zone between the paracortex and follicle, Tfh stimulate B cells

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11
Q

IL-21 role
1)
2)

A

1) Stimulates B cells to isotype switch to IgG1, IgG3

2) Regulates proliferation of mature B and T cells in response to activating stimuli

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12
Q

CXCR5 ligand

A

CXCL13

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13
Q

CXCL13 receptor

A

CXCR5

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14
Q

CCR7 ligand

A

CCL19, CCL21

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15
Q

CCL19, CCL21 receptor

A

CCR7

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16
Q

IL-12 subunits

A

p40, p35

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17
Q

What do p40 and p35 make up?

A

IL-12

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18
Q

What can p40 complex with to form IL-23?

A

p19

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19
Q

How can IL-23 be formed?

A

Complex of p40 and p19

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20
Q

Effect of IL-12

A

Th1 bias

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21
Q

Effect of IL-6, IL-1 or IL-23

A

Th17 bias

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22
Q

What biases towards Th-1?

A

IL-12

23
Q

Factor released by Th1

A

IFNg

24
Q

IL-17 role
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Strongly pro-inflammatory
2) Activates neutrophils
3) Anti extracellular bacteria

25
Q

What can bias to Th17?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-23

26
Q

CD25

A

Alpha subunit of IL-2 receptor

27
Q

Th2 released factors

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

28
Q

What biases to Th2?

A

IL-4

29
Q

Factors released by Th17

A

IL-17, IL-21, IL-22

30
Q 
How were Treg's discovered?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Mice without CD25 created
2) Expected to not be able to mount a T cell response
3) Instead suffered great autoimmunity
4) CD25 absence prevented Treg expression, led to unregulated T cell activation

31
Q 
Treg effects on other cells
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Reduces CD25+ cell proliferation
Releases IL-10 and TGFb, which:
2) Reduce Th1 proliferation, IFNg release
3) Reduce Th2 proliferation, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 release
4) Reduce CD8+ activity, IFNg release

32
Q

Surface proteins of Treg

A

1) CD25

2) FOXP3

33
Q

Transcription factor in naive T cell that causes Treg differentiation

A

FoxP3

34
Q

Transcription factor in naive T cells that responds to IL-6

A

Bcl6

35
Q

Transciption factor in naive T cell which responds to IL-6 and TGFb

A

RORgammaT

36
Q

Transcription factor in naive T cell which responds IL-12, IFNg

A

T-bet

37
Q

Transcription factor in naive T cell which responds to IL-4

A

GATA3

38
Q

What does FoxP3 stimulation result in?

A

Treg differentiation

39
Q

What does Bcl6 stimulation in naive T cells result in?

A

Tfh differentiation

40
Q

What does RORgammaT stimulation result in?

A

Th17 differentiation

41
Q

What does T-bet stimulation result in?

A

Th1 differentiation

42
Q

What does GATA3 stimulation result in?

A

Th2 differentiation

43
Q

Factors expressed by Treg

A

IL-10, TGFb,

44
Q

Factors expressed by Tfh

A

ICOS, IL-21

45
Q

Factors expressed by Th17

A

IL-17, IL-6

46
Q

Factors released by Th1

A

IL-2, IFNg

47
Q

NK T cells
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Semi-invariant
2) CD1d-restricted
3) Recognise only lipid antigens

48
Q

What does ‘semi-invariant’ mean with respect to T cells?

A

Limited repertoire of alpha and beta chains

49
Q

What do NK T cells arise from?

A

Double positive thymocytes

50
Q

Factors released by NK T cells

A

Potent producers of IL-4, IFNg

51
Q 
gamma/delta T cells
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Semi-invariant
2) Mostly found in epithelium (skin, gut)
3) Produce cytokines
4) Function not known

52
Q

Evidence that gamma/delta T cells have a function

A

Conserved in several species, not removed by evolution

53
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Innate lymphocytes, without TCR

Immunology (30 decks)

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