cell injury and death

Question 1

steatosis - definition

Answer 1

• accumulation of fat (triglyceride) in hepatocytes “fatty change”
• an alcoholic liver injury
• reversible

Question 2

mechanism of fatty liver development

Answer 2

conversion of alcohol to acetate creates NADH which signals cells to make triglycerides and not to break down fatty acids. Decreased lipoprotein synthesis keeps fat in liver (low VLDL)

Question 3

Mallory’s hyaline

Answer 3

• alcoholic liver injury
• permanent cell injury
• aggregation of cytokeratin filaments

Question 4

hemosiderosis

Answer 4

• increased iron in tissue due to any cause

Question 5

hemochromatosis

Answer 5

• a genetic disease that results in abnormal accumulation of iron in tissues

Question 6

treatment for hemosiderosis

Answer 6

• phlebotomy

Question 7

Burkitt Lymphoma

Answer 7

• malignancy of B lymphocytes with apoptotic cell death of malignant cells and phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages

Question 8

example of a permanent cell injury

Answer 8

Mallory’s hyaline

Question 9

example of a reversible cell injury

Answer 9

fatty liver - steatosis

Question 10

example of a lethal cell injury

Answer 10

Burkitt Lymphoma

Question 11

example of a hypoxic cell injury

Answer 11

Ischemia

Question 12

what is ischemia?

Answer 12

the effect of O2 deprivation on cell function and morphology

Question 13

ischemia mechanism

Answer 13

• no O2, cells lose ability to regulate Na/K gradient
• NA rushes in with water
• Ca also comes in, damages integrity of membrane

Question 14

effects of calcium influx on cells

Answer 14

1 - Decreased ATP
2 - decreased phospholipids
3 - disruption of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins
4 - nucleus chromatin damage

Question 15

earliest morphologic change in cell death

Answer 15

• swelling of mitochondria with Ca2+ precipitate

- mitochondria become porous and enter a low energy state

Question 16

necrosis

Answer 16

• cell death at the level of tissues

- morphologic changes from cell death in living tissues

Question 17

necrosis is the cumulative effect of three things:

Answer 17

1 - enzymatic degradation of dead cells
2 - primarily mediated by lysosomal enzymes
3 - denaturation of proteins

Question 18

two types of necrosis:

Answer 18

1 - coagulative - most common - denaturation of cell proteins dominates the picture (infarction)
2 - liquefactive - extensive acute inflammation (bacteria or fungus) resulting in nearly complete digestion of tissue (abscess or cerebral infarction)

Question 19

three examples of coagulative necrosis

Answer 19

1 - myocardial infarction
2 - renal infarction
3 - pulmonary infarction

Question 20

two examples of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 20

1 - cerebral infarction (stroke)

2 - necrotizing fungal pneumonia

Question 21

gangrenous necrosis (special type)

Answer 21

• consequence of bacterial colonization of tissue that has already undergone necrosis
• liquefactive necrosis superimposed on pre-existing coagulative necrosis

Question 22

caseous necrosis

Answer 22

• associated with tuberculosis

- cheese like appearance

Question 23

enzymatic fat necrosis

Answer 23

• associated with pancreatitis

- lipase releases fatty acids from triglycerides and they complex with calcium to form soaps