Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Undeleted > Cellular Components > Flashcards

Cellular Components Flashcards

1
Q

What are Microtubules?

A

they are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin dimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When alpha and beta tubulin dimers polymerize, what do they form?

A

protofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In a protofilament, how many individual dimers are there?

A

13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

From what end is a protofilament elongated? Why not from the other side?

A

From the +; the - is capped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What polarity is the is the alpha tubule dimer end?

A

neg (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What polarity is the is the beta tubule dimer end?

A

positive (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do molecular motors use to move?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the molecular motors?

A

Dynein

kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the direction of both molecular motors?

A

Dynein = to - side (from periphery of cell)

Kinesin = to + side (to periphery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 5 intermediate filaments.

A
  1. tonofilaments
  2. vimentin
  3. desmin
  4. neurofilaments
  5. glial filaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

From where do the different intermediate filaments come from?

A

Tonofilments = epithelium

vimentin = mesenchymal cells

desmin = muscle

neurofilaments = neurons

glial filaments = glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where can we find the 5 different intermediate filaments?

A
  1. tonofilaments - keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia
  2. vimentin - fibroblasts, chondroblast, osteoblast, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascualr smooth cells
  3. Desmin - striated and smooth muscle
  4. neurofilaments - neurons
  5. glial filaments - astrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cells have high mitotic activity and heterochromatic nucleus?

A

undifferentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells have low mitotic activity, euchromatic nucleus and a prominent nucleolus?

A

Hihgly differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is this? What is the with stuff pointed and what are the black spots pointed? What is the huge black spot close to the middle?

A

In the nucleus

white = euchromatin

black = heterochromatin

big black spot = nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is made in the nucleolus?

A

rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the different apical projections?

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Micorvilli
  3. Stereocilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

non-motile extensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are cilia?

A

motile extensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are cilia structured?

A

Axoneme = 9 doublets of microtubules surrounding 2 central pair, each attached with dynein arms (gives motility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

they increase the surface area for absorption and secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do you stain for microvilli?

A

with PAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

defective dynein arms causing immotile cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What stiffens microvilli? Why?

A

actin fillaments, to aid in absoption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 common macromolecules of ground substance?

A

GAG’s

Proteoglycans

Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are GAG’s made of?

A

Hyaluronic Acid

Chondroitin Sulfate

Keratan Sulfate

Dermatan Sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Proteoglycans made of?

A

a protein backbone with attached GAG’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are Glycoproteins made of?

A

Fibronectin

Laminin

Osteonectin

Chondronectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Hyaluronic Acid made of?

A

non-sulfated GAGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When is Hyaluronic Acid production increased?

A

in early inflammatory process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does hyaluronic acid aid in?

A

cell migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is hyaluronic acid found in?

A

synovial fluid

cartilage

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where is hyaluronic acid synthesized?

A

in plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most common type of collagen?

A

type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is this?

A

type 1 collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does it look under a TEM?

A

light and dark bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is this type of collagen?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is indicated by the arrows?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What stain is used in type 1 collagen?

A

eosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where can collagen type 1 be found?

A

skin

tendon

vasculature

bone (main component is acidophillic)

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

were can collagen type 2 be found?

A

cartilage (main component is basophillic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where can collagen type 3 be found?

A

reticulate (reticular fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what stain is used in collagen type 3?

A

silver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where can collagen type 4 be found?

A

cell basement membrane (acidophillic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe how elastic fibers form.

A
  1. You have the developing fiber that gets made of many microfibrills made of fibrillin
  2. Elastin gets added
  3. Elastin makes up the center of the elastic fiber which retains fibrillin microfibrils at the surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Who secretes fibrillin?

A

fibroblasts

smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is this?

A

elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is this?

A

elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is this?

A

elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

differentiate between collagen, elastin and fibrillin.

A

up = collagen

center black = elastin

down = microfibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What connects to elastin?

A

fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What happens when there is a deficit in elastin?

A

Marfan’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the mutation in Marfan’s?

A

FBN1 = fibrillin gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the inheritance of Marfan’s?

A

AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are the symptoms for Marfan’s?

A

SHE

Skeletal = hypermobile joints, long bones, pectus excavatum

Heart = aortic dissection

Eyes = lens detachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Name the 3 intercellular junctions

A
  1. Tight junction (occluding)
  2. Adherens junction (adhering)
  3. Gap/communicating junction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

dont allow passage of any substance

unique to epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What do anchoring junctions do?

A

connects adjacent cells or attaches them to extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

allow for interchange of molecules between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Identifiy gap/tight/adherence junctions

A

first tight

second adherence

third Gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

its the basement membrane in any epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what does the basal lamina do?

A

it separates epithelial cells from connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the properties of the basal lamina?

A
  1. structural support
  2. permeability barrier since it helps filter small molecules from blood in kidney
  3. organizes proteins in cell membranes
  4. helps regulate differentiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What type of collagen do we find in the basal lamina?

A

Type 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What protein can we find abundantly in basal lamina?

A

laminin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

We can find cells in stacks or alone in different shapes, what are these stacks and shapes names?

A
  1. squamous
  2. ciboidal
  3. columnar
  4. pseudostratified

They can be stratified or simple layered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the features of a squamous cell?

A
  • thin
  • smooth
  • oval nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the feature of a cuboidal cell?

A

cuboidal shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what are the features of a columnar cell?

A

elongated

nuclei close to base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the features of pseudostratified cells?

A

columnar with arratical nuclei

appears almost stratified

ciliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Where can we find squamous cells?

A

alveole

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

where can we find cuboidal?

A

pancreas

kidneys

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where can we find columnar cells?

A

stomach, and intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

where can we find pseudostratified cells?

A

airway, uterus, fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what do stratified cells lack?

A

junctions, they only use desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

they can specialize in two ways…

A
  1. keratinized: water proof
  2. transitional: cuboidal stretch to squamous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are the 5 classifications of a gland?

A
  1. uni or multi cellular
  2. single or simple duct; branches or compound
  3. product secreted : water/mucous
  4. shape of its adenomere: acinar/tubular/alveolar
  5. method of secretion: channel/duct/holocrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is a tubular adenomere?

A

when the secretory end piece is the same size as the duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is an example of a tubular adenomere?

A

sweat gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is a acinar adenomere?

A

is a grape-like enlarged rounded endpiece with pyramid shaped cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Give an example of a acinar adenomere.

A

salivery glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is an alveolar adenomere?

A

large, irregular secretory endpiece which can hold a significant amount of product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Give an example of a alveolar adenomere

A

mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What kind of gland is this?

A

Tubular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What kind of gland is this?

A

Acinar

(salivary gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is this?

A

alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Give another name for Metaplasia

A

Barret’s Esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is this?

A

Normal esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is this?

A

Barrette’s esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Differentiate between Lung Metaplasia and Normal Lung lung epithelium

Which smokes and which doesn’t?

A

left doesnt smoke and has normal lung epithelium.

Right smokes and has lung metaplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

From where does Mesenchymal tissue come from embryonically?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Name the 5 different Connective tissues.

A
  1. Mucous Connective Tissue
  2. Proper Connective Tissue
  3. Special Connective Tissue
  4. Adipose Connective Tissue
  5. Cartilage
  6. Bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Give two examples of Proper connective tissue

A

loose and dense connective tissue

Irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

give an example of special connective tissue

A

reticular connective tissue made from type 3 collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what inhibits adipose tissue?

A

leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what does adipose tissue do?

A

stores energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what does adipose tissue produce?

A

IL-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

what are the three types of cartilage connective tissues?

A

1- hyaline

2- elastic

3- fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

How do you find the cells in cartilage?

A

they are trapped in a matrix and its avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

How do you find the cells in bone?

A

trapped in a matrix and its vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what are the components of the matrix that make up connective tissue?

A

the matrix is made up of

  • fibers: can be elastic, collagen, reticular
  • ground substance: has GAG’s, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
  • tissue fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What forms the collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers of the matrix component of connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

is a connective tissue forming reticular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Where is the fibroblast?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Where is the fibroblast?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

mast cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What do mast cells do to vasculature?

A

they increase capillary permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

they normally mediate an inflammatory response causing swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Do mast cells have granules?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what do the granules of mast cells contain?

A

heparin and histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

What causes degranulation in mast cells?

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

what do mast cells do in relation to immune cells?

A

they facilitate the migration of immune cells to an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Where can loose connective tissue be found? What does it contain? Is it vascularized?

A

underneath epithelium

it contains reticular fibers

it is vascularized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What are the two divisions of dense connective tissue?

A

regular

irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

what type of collagen can be found on dense connective tissue?

A

collagen type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

how does dense connective tissue stain?

A

eosinophillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Where can we find fibroblasts?

A

in dense connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What collagen is reticular connective tissue made of?

A

collagen type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

what forms reticular connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

in what tissue can we find reticular connective tissue?

A

in lymphatic organs except thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

what stain is used to visualize reticular connective tissue?

A

silver stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What does reticular connective tissue do?

A

it allows cellular motility

124
Q

what cells are these?

A

adipocytes

125
Q

what does intraperitoneal adipose tissue produce?

A

Interleukin-6

126
Q

What type of collagen is found in hyaline cartilage?

A

collagen type 2

127
Q

what can be found in hyaline cartilage?

A

aggrecan proteoglycan

hyaluronic acid

128
Q

what color does hyaline carilage stain?

A

basophilic due to aggrecan proteoglycan

129
Q

what is this?

A

hyaline cartilage

130
Q

how does fibrocartilage stain?

A

acidophillic

131
Q

what is this?

A

fibrocartilage

132
Q

are cartilage cells trapped in a matrix vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

133
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

9% water

22% organic matrix

69%inorganic matrix

134
Q

What is most of the organic matrix composition of bone?

A

collagen for tensile strength

135
Q

what is most of the inorganic composition?

A

hydroxyapatite

136
Q

What is so special about hydroxyapatite?

A

it serves as a huge Ca+ storage for the body while providing the compresive properties for supporting tissue

137
Q

What are the 3 cells found in bone? what do they do?

A
  1. osteoblasts: secrete matrix that hardens by calcification; traps osteocytes in lacunae
  2. osteocytes: maintains the calcified matrix and receives blood from canaliculi
  3. osteoclasts: monocyte derived cells, do bone remodeling
138
Q

what collagen is found in bone?

A

type 1 collagen

139
Q

what are the three muscle types?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

140
Q

how is skeletal muscle?

A

strong, quick discontinuous contractions

141
Q

how is cardiac muscle?

A

strong, quick continous involuntary contractions

142
Q

how is smooth muscle?

A

weak, slow involuntary contractions

143
Q

in skeletal muscle, what makes the endomysium?

A

fibroblasts

144
Q

how does skeletal muscle look?

A

striated multinucleated

145
Q

what does the I band contain and what does the A band contain?

A

I = actin

A = myosin

F = fibroblast

146
Q

What are the arrow pointing at? What kind of muscle is this?

A

Cardiac muscle

arrows = intercalated disks

147
Q

how does cardiac muscle look?

A

striated with single centra nucleus

148
Q

what innervates the cardiac muscle?

A

Autonomic nervous system

149
Q

what kind of junction is found in cardiac muscle?

A

gap

150
Q

what kind of muscle is this?

A

smooth muscle

151
Q

how do nuclei form smooth muscle look?

A

uncondensed

152
Q

in comparison with cardiac and skeletal muscle, what does smooth muscle lack?

A

striations

153
Q

what junction is found in smooth muscle?

A

gap junction

154
Q

what is Myasthenia gravis?

A

is an autoimmune disease where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors disabling the ability for muscle contracture.

155
Q

In Myasthenia gravis, how do patients feel during physical activity?

A

they feel very weak and this is treated with rest

156
Q

how is myasthenia gravis treated?

A

with acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, increasing the mount of acetylcholine available, also with immunosupressants

157
Q

What are these cells?

A

neurons

158
Q

What special body can we find in neurons? What are they? What do they cause?

A

Nissl bodies, they contain RER causing neurons to be basophilic.

159
Q

is the nucleus of neurons euchromatic or heterochromatic?

A

euchromatic

160
Q

Where is lipofuscin not found?

A

cerebellar purkinje

161
Q

how does lipofuscin look?

A

yellow-brown

162
Q

what is lipofuscin?

A

remnant of lisosomal activity

163
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS?

A

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

microglia

164
Q

what are the glial cells of the PNS?

A

schwann cells

165
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

they regulate the neural environment

contribute to Blood-Brain barrier

regulate potasium levels in extracellular fluid

they control vaso-dilation/constriction

166
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

myelinate CNS

167
Q

what do microglia do?

A

immune cells

168
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

they line the ventricular system

169
Q

what do schwann cells do?

A

myelenate perpheral nervous system neurons

170
Q

what do satellite cells do?

A

Surround neurons in autonomic and sensory ganglia

Regulate the environment of neurons similar to astrocytes

171
Q

What do astrocytes contain?

A

GFAP

172
Q

What are these cells?

A

astrocytes

173
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes?

A

Protoplasmic

Fibrous

174
Q

How do protoplasmic astrocytes look?

A

they have short thick processes in gray matter

175
Q

how do fibrous asctrocytes look like?

A

thin, less branched in white matter

176
Q

What does the blood brain barrier contain?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells

astroglial foot processes

177
Q

What are these?

A

oligodendrocytes

178
Q

True or False

Oligodendrocytes contain Many branches

A

False - they contain few branches

179
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system counter-part to oligodendrocytes?

A

schwann cells

180
Q

What kind of cancer occurs in the basal lamina?

A

carcinoma in situ - good kind of cancer

181
Q

What does hyaluronic acid help with in the joints?

A

it helps to reduce the friction

182
Q

What are microglia a type of cell?

A

they are a type of macrophage but for the neural system

183
Q

What do microglia remove?

A

debris

184
Q

what do ependymal cells propel?

A

they line the ventricular system of the CNS and they propel CSF with their projections.

185
Q

what cells are these?

A

microglia

186
Q

what cell is this?

A

ependymal cell

187
Q

these cells surround neurons in autonomic and sensory ganglia.

A

satellite cells

188
Q

Describe how the resting potential is maintained.

A

the axon contains Na/K channels that keep pumping 3 Na out and 2 K in.

This creates a negative charge on the inside and a positive charge on the outside

189
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

to speed up the conduction of an action potential

190
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Is a disease that causes the demyelination of axons of CNS

191
Q

What is the cell being pointed with the arrow?

A

Schwann cell

look at the myelin

192
Q

When are synaptic vesicles released?

A

When Calcium enters the terminal of an axon

193
Q

What space of the Meninges contains the CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

194
Q

What are the layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?

A

DAP

Dura

Arachnoid

Pia

195
Q

What tissue do we find in the dura?

A

Dense connective tissue

196
Q

What tissue do we find in Arachnoid layer?

A

simple squamous epithelium

197
Q

What tissue do we find on the pia?

A

Simple squamous

198
Q

Where is the CSF made?

A

in the choroid plexuses of the 3rd and 4th ventricle

199
Q

What forms the CSF?

A

capillaries and ependymal cells

200
Q

what does the CSF do?

A

it cushions and nourishes the CNS

201
Q

What are these cells? how do you know?

A

spinal dorsal root ganglia due to the central nucleus and satellite cells around

202
Q

What are these cells? How do you know?

A

Autonomic ganglia due to the eccentric nucleus

203
Q

What is this? what is shown in left and right arrows?

A

mammary gland during pregnancy (not active)

Left arrow = interlobular dense irregular connective tissue

Right arrow = alveoli surrounded by intralobular loose connective tissue

204
Q

Breast cancer is usually from what epitheliym?

A

the glandular epithelium- ductal or lobular

205
Q

What does oxytocin cause?

A

milk ejection

206
Q

What does prolactin cause?

A

milk production (lactogenesis)

207
Q

what do estrogen and progesterone cause in pregnancy?

A

they form the placenta

208
Q

What is this?

A

big white - lactating duct

209
Q

What is this?

A

distended alveoli - milk is stored

210
Q

What are these?

A

inactive alveolar ducts

211
Q

What are these?

A

Active alveolar ducts

212
Q

What are the mammary gland hormones present during puberty?

A

estrogen, progesterone

213
Q

What are the mammary gland hormones present during pregnancy?

A

prolactin, placental hormones (estrogen and progesteron)

214
Q

What hormones inhibit the effect of lactogenesis from prolactin?

A

estrogen and progesterone

215
Q

What is the primary source of these hormones during the fetal period?

A

the placenta

216
Q

What happens to the levels of progesterone and estrogen during birth?

A

they drop due to removal of placenta

217
Q

What happens if the placenta is not removed during birth?

A

could maintain levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibiting milk production

218
Q

What do these hormones do?

Estrogen

Prolactin

Progesterone

Oxytocin

A

Estrogen: mesenchymal cell proliferation

progesterone: maturation of secretory capability
prolactin: production of milk
oxytocin: ejection of milk

219
Q

What antibody is released during pregnancy?

A

IgA by plasma cells

220
Q

From where do all defensive cells come from?

A

Bone Marrow

221
Q

What is this cell?

A

Lymphocyte

222
Q

What is this cell?

A

Lymphocyte

223
Q

What is this cell?

A

Lymphocyte

224
Q

What immune response do Lymphocytes give?

A

Specific immune response

225
Q

What are the two cells of the lymphatic system?

A

T and B lymphocytes

226
Q

T Lymphocytes divide into…?

A

CD8 - bind to MHC 1 (cytotoxic cells)

CD4 - bind to MHC 2 (Helper cells)

227
Q

Into what do B cells divide into?

A

Plasma cells (form antibodies)

Natural Killers cells

Dendritic Cells (in lymph nodes)

Macrophages (Antigen P. cells)

228
Q

Whis antibody is a huge pentamer, who is this?

A

IgA

229
Q

Whare do we find IgA?

A

in milk secretion,saliva, tears

230
Q

name the five classes of antibodies.

A
  1. IgA - milk secretion
  2. IgE - triggers Mast cells degranulation
  3. IgG
  4. IgM - bind to B cells (humoral immunity)
  5. IgD - have not been exposed to antigens
231
Q

What is thymoma?

A

reestablishment of lymphocytes or auto-reactive T cells

(maturation after involution is associated with autoimmune diseases)

232
Q
A
233
Q

What layer can we find in lobes of the thymus? How is the medulla?

A

the cortex where basophilic lymphocytes are dense

The medulla has few lympohcytes

234
Q

How is the medulla of the thymus distinguished?

A

by thymic corpuscles or Hassel’s corpuscles

235
Q

What is type of epithelium is the respiratory epithelium? And what other cells can be found in it?

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated

We can find goblet and stem cells

236
Q

what epithelium is this?

A

respiratory (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)

237
Q

Name the different parts of the respiratory tract.

A

bottom to top

m = trachea

b left = bronchus

b right = bronchiole

tb = resp bronchiole

1st a = alveolar duct

2nd a = alveolar sac

238
Q

What is the difference betwen: trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole?

A

trachea = seromucous glands, flat resp. epithelium, lamina propria, full cartilage

bronchus = folded resp. epithelium, smooth muscle, bits of cartilage

bronchiole = folded resp epithelium, full ring of smooth muscle, no cartilage

terminal bronchiole = have clara cells, few goblet cells, more cuboidal epithelium

239
Q

where is this?

A

trachea

240
Q

what is this?

A

a bronchus

241
Q

what surrounds the wall of the bronchus?

how is the mucosa of the broncus?

what type of mucous glands does the broncus have in the submucosa?

A

hyaline cartilage

the mucosa is convoluted

seromucous glands

242
Q

What is this? how do you know?

A

a bronchiole

its a complete ring of muscle

243
Q

does the bronchiole have cartilage?

A

no!!

244
Q

does the bronchiole have clara cells?

A

yES!!

245
Q

What cells are these?

A

Clara cells

246
Q
A
247
Q

What do Clara cells do?

A

they contain surfanctant, containing enzymes that break down mucus, detoxyfy air, secrete IgA

Surfactant reduces surface tension while preventing the bronchiole to collapse

248
Q

What are the cells being shown by the pointers? What is in the right side of the photo?

A

Clara cells

terminal bronchioles

249
Q

how do terminal bronchioles differentiate from respiratory brionchioles?

A

terminal brionchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles which branch into alveolar ducts and individual alveoli

Respiratory bronchioles branch but do not have scattered alveoli along their length

250
Q

What is this?

A

alveolar duct

251
Q

fill in the 3 boxes

A

from left to right

alveoli, respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

252
Q

what is this?

A

respiratory bronchiole

253
Q

Identify the types of pneumocytes

A

top to bottom

type 1 alveolar cell

type 2 alveolar cell

alveolar macrophage

254
Q
A
255
Q

What features of pneumocytes type 1 are important?

A

have squamous epithelium

contain tight junctions

they share basement membrane with endothelium

256
Q

what features are important of pneumocytes type 2?

A

they are round

produce surfactant

contain lamellar bodies

257
Q

who breaks elastic fibers in the lung?

A

neutrophils

258
Q

what can cause loss of elastic fibers in the lungs?

A

ephysema

259
Q

Why is elasti fibers need in the lungs?

A

for recoil

260
Q

fill in the boxes

A

top to bottom

type 1 pneumocyte

capillary

type 2 pneumocyte

type 2 pneumocyte

261
Q

What is shown in the arrow? (better know it)

A

lamellar body of type 2 pneumocyte

262
Q

What is squamous metaplasia?

Who do will exhibit this most often?

What can lead to this?

A

benign non-cancerous changes in the lining of the epithelium of certain organs

we will see it mostly in Smokers

Vitamin A deficiency

263
Q

is this normal or squamous metaplasia?

A

normal traqueal lining

264
Q

is this squamous metaplasia or normal traqueal lining?

A

squamous metaplasia

265
Q

What are the two types of lung cancer?

A

non small cell

small cell

266
Q

What are the two divisions of non-small cell carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell metaplasia - from the bronchus

Adenocarcinoma - in the seromucous glands

267
Q

What is small cell carcinoma?

A

neuroendocrine cancer

highly metastatic

268
Q

What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

lack of surfactant

occurs mostly in infants:

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome occurs in infants with underdeveloped lungs

269
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

defective chloride channels causing loss of hydration of mucous, therefore causing bacteria to accumulate in the mucous.

270
Q

How do you test Cystic Fibrosis?

A

sweat test

271
Q

What is COPD?

A

lung disease, that makes it hard to breathe….

272
Q

What are the divisions of COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis: long term cough with mucous

Emphysema: destruction of lungs over time

273
Q

What is emphysema?

A

small airways in the lungs collapse during forced exhalation, airflow is impeded and air becomes trapped

274
Q

How to you tell its emphysema?

A

the chest fills with air and produces a barrel shape

275
Q

When you auscultate for epmhysema, what are you supposed to hear?

A

hyper-resonant breath sounds

276
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

infiltration of neutrophils secreting elastase.

277
Q

What blocks elastase?

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin

278
Q

what blocks alpha-1-antitrypsin?

A

tobacco smoke

279
Q

What happens if alpha-1-antitrypsin is blocked?

A

neutrophil elastase will remove elastin from alveolar wall causing them to blow out, therefore causing emphysema

280
Q

What disease is this?

A

chronic bronchitis?

281
Q

What disease is this?

A

chronic bronchitis?

282
Q

What is the external tunic of the heart?

A

epicardium

283
Q

What does the epicardium have?

A

site of coronary vessels

284
Q

What tissue can we find in epicardium?

A

loose connective tissue with nerves and fat

285
Q

what type of epithelium can we find in the epicardium?

A

simple squamous-to cuboidal

286
Q

the pericardial space is lined with what epithelium?

A

simple squamous to cuboidal

287
Q

the epicardium is part of what?

A

the visceral layer of the pericardium

288
Q

What layer is designated by the vertical line?

A

epicardium

289
Q

What is the light blue structure?

A

valve

290
Q

Heart valves are composed of what type of tissue?

A

dense connective tissue

collagen

elastic fibers

291
Q

What are the layers of the artery?

A

top to bottom

tunica intima

endothelium

subendothelial layer

internal elastic lamina

tunica media

tunica externa

292
Q

What is this?

A

elastic artery

293
Q

What do arteries need to deal with the pressure of blood?

A

elastin

294
Q

What do arteries do in diastole?

A

they recoil to prevent sharp drop in pressure

295
Q

what do arteries do in systole?

A

they expand

296
Q

What decreases in arteries the farther away they are from the heart? What increases?

A

their elastin composition decreases and gets replaced by smooth muscle

297
Q

What are these?

A

left to right

298
Q

What terminal vessel has a precapillary sphincter?

A

metarteriole

299
Q

What does the precapillary sphincter of metarterioles do?

A

regulates flow to capillary bed

300
Q

Name the 3 types of capillaries? What is special of them?

A
  1. continuous - have tight junctions
  2. fenestrated - is fenestrated for exchange
  3. sinusoids - discontinuous, wider
301
Q

What is this muscle?

A

cardiac muscle

302
Q

What is Atheroma?

A

accumulation of foam cells

303
Q

What is Fibroatheroma?

A

addition of collagen to foam cells

304
Q

What is a Valvular Disease?

A

its replacement of elastic tissue with collagen and potential calcification

305
Q

How does a plaque form?

A

lipids accumulate

macrophages begin to attach

more lipid accumulates

intracellular lipid accumulation

calcification of layers

thrombosis

Undeleted (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions