21st century

Question 1

social class in 21st century

Answer 1

• Social class divisions are much less defined.
• Some sports still affected by access e.g. expense and social elitism clubs.
• E.g. LTA – middle class
• Sport England Survey – 38.7% high SES whereas 25.7% manual/unemployed
• Middle classes dominate certain sports. → E.g. Equestrianism, Rugby Union – as professionals!
• More lower classes attracted to some professional sports. → E.g. Association football/ Rugby League.
• Social Mobility achieved through sport/ rags to riches → e.g. Anthony Joshua Boxing.
• Professionalisation of Olympic Amateur sports, so performers have to be sports professionals to succeed. → e.g. Athletics – Usain Bolt/Swimming-Michael Phelps
• Elite Olympic sports in the UK still dominated by middle class/ ½ the gold medallist in London 2012 from private schools → e.g. in Rowing/Sailing
• Traditional middle class sports such as Tennis/ Rugby Union have increased working class players – due to professionalism.
• Broad spread of classes are now professional.

Question 2

Education in 21st century

Answer 2

• Still Public School/Grammar Schools
• Inter-school and intra-school fixtures
• Still wider sporting opportunity at fee-paying schools
• London 2012 – one third of medallists were from private schools.
• Compulsory PE
• School-Club Links
• Increased availability of PE and Sport Qualifications → e.g. GCSE, A Level, BTEC, Sports Science degree etc.

Question 3

availability of time in 21st century

Answer 3

• Technological advancements have freed peoples time
• More flexible working hours
• Increased participation
• 31.4% of adults aged 26+ participate in sport once a week for 30 mins or more.
• Difficulty finding a work-life balance

Question 4

law and order in 21st century

Answer 4

• Legislation has become more involved in sport. → e.g. international bodies such as FIFA have clear rules and guidelines from issues with drugs – discrimination in sport.
• Duty of care - Increased cases of negligence in sport. → e.g. Rugby referee being sued for poor control of the scrum
• Coaches/Players are more likely to be sued/sue → e.g. Eva Carneiro suing Jose Mourinho for sexual discrimination. → e.g. Steve Thompson dementia legal case Rugby Union - people being made to play with concussion
• Court of Arbitration for Sport established to facilitate the settlement of sports-related disputes. → E.g. Russian Olympic ban appeal 2016
• Increased criminal prosecutions against sports people for violent conduct. → e.g. Spectator banning orders for violent behaviour. → e.g. Duncan Ferguson:
• Increased police attention to match fixing, bribery, drugs & spectator violence.
• Racial and gender equality laws have reduced discrimination. → e.g. Golf club membership rules cannot discriminate based on gender.
  June 2019
• Laws go against the tradition of sport e.g. punch in Rugby dealt with by the NGB and now likely to end up in court.

Question 5

transport in 21st century

Answer 5

• Car ownership
• Public transport widely available
• Cheaper air-fairs
• Regular fixtures, leagues and competitions
• Regular international events
• Increased spectatorism (particularly internationally)

Question 6

availability of money in 21st century

Answer 6

Great recession 2008-2009, Covid recession 2020-2021:
- Less disposable income so less participation
- Increased cost of living/inflation
- Some sports worse than others
- Decreased number of spectators

• Huge regional//local differences

Question 7

gender in 21st century

Answer 7

• Still more men participating and spectating in sports that women.
• Issues such as sexism increasingly challenged.
• Growth in participation and success of Women in ‘Men’s’ sports
• Football 3rd place 2015 World Cup
• Cricket won 2017 World Cup
• Rugby Union 2nd 2017 World Cup
• England Women winning Euros
• Female Olympic success creates positive role models → E.g. Jessica Ennis-Hill/ Women’s Hockey team 2016 Olympic Champions.
• Women now participate across all Olympic sports. → E.g. Nicola Adams Boxing 2012. → good example of social mobility
• Increased commercialisation of Women’s sports. Increased pro athletes but paid less → Netball Super league/ Women’s premier league – man city
• Still evidence of discrimination in sport. → e.g. England football manager Mark Sampson sacked, Phil Neville derogatory comments on twitter
• Increased female sports presenters /officials/ coaches. → e.g. Claire Balding/Gabby Logan
• Campaigns to increase female participation/achievement → e.g. This Girl Can/ Girls 4 Gold
• Women’s fitness fashionable – more classes/ 12 week challenges/ using social media.
• Pit girls in F1 banned. → moving away from sexualising the women

Question 8

athletics - 21st century (case study)

Answer 8

• World Championships, Olympic and Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of athletic achievement
• Ongoing drugs and doping issues – Russian doping scandal
• Huge sponsorship deals and fame brings fortune for the elite.
• New spike technology (nike shoes - improve performance)
• Role models such as Usain Bolt – ‘triple triple’ at the Rio 2016 Olympics (100m, 200m and relay)

Question 9

cricket - 21st century (case study)

Answer 9

• England women won Cricket World Cup in 2009
• Continued popularity of the Ashes
• Scandals re match fixing and spot fixing

Question 10

football - 21st century (case study)

Answer 10

• FIFA World Cup – the epitome of the global game with extensive media coverage, freedom of movement for performers and greater exposure of people to the game.
• Massive salaries for the biggest stars in English Premier League
• FIFA Corruption Scandal – FIFA President Sepp Blatter
• The Hillsborough enquiry inquest

Question 11

tennis - 21st century (case study)

Answer 11

• The LTA continues to work to broaden its appeal/access
• Grand Slams, Davis and Federation Cups (men/women) and ATP (Association of Tennis Pros – men)
  and WTA (women’s tennis association) tours are big events
• Andy Murray as a role model and Judy Murray as a female role model.
• Some scandals – Maria Sharapova in 2016: