22 1-8 Flashcards
Some functions of the respiratory system aside from the four processes of respiration?
Speech, laugh, cry, smell, pH, BP reg via angiotensin II (RAAS)
*Four processes of respiration
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing - air moves in/out of lungs, gases continuously refreshed.)
- External respiration (O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood, co2 diffuses from the blood to lungs)
- Transport of respiratory gases (O2 is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, co2 is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs)
- Internal respiration (O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells and co2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood)
***respiratory sys is only responsible for first two processes
*Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached.
Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi + smaller branches, lungs, alveoli.
Nose function
Airway for respiration, moisten and warm air, filter/clean air, resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors
Paranasal sinus function
(Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal) Lighten skull, warm and moisten air
Pharynx function
Passageway for air and food. Also houses tonsils so exposes immune sys to inhaled air. (“throat”)
Larynx function
Provide air passageway, route air/food into proper channels. Also houses vocal folds so voice production. (“voicebox”)
Trachea function
Air passageway, cleans/warms/moistens incoming air
Bronchial tree function
Air passageway connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans/warms/moistens air.
Alveoli function
Main site of gas exchange. Also, surfectant which reduces surface tension/prevents lung collapse.
Lung function
Houses respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi.
Pleurae function
Produce lubricating fluids and compartmentalize lungs.
*Respiratory (functional) zone
Actual site of gas exchange; composed of: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, all microscopic structures
*Conducting (structural) zone
Includes all other respiratory passageways - fairly rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites. Also cleanse/humidify/warm air.
nose/nasal cavity/paranasal sinuses/pharynx/larynx/trachea
R/L primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Nasopharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity. Only an air passageway (above where food enters, uvula moves up when swallowing). Contains pharangeal tonsil
Oropharynx
Posterior to oral cavity, both food and air pass through. Palatine tonsils embedded in lateral walls. Lingual tonsils on posterior surface of tongue.
Laryngopharynx
Posterior to epiglottis, extend to larynx where it is continuous with the larynx. Food and air pass.
Epiglottis function
Projects upward when air is flowing, during swallowing the larynx pulls upward and epiglottis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet.
Valsalva’s maneuver
During abdominal straining, the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and ab muscles contract causing intraabdominal pressure to rise.
*Structure of the trachea
16-20 C-shaped rings or hyaline cartilage.
Layers from innermost to outermost:
mucosa (pseudostrat ciliated columnar epithelium),
submucosa (areolar CT with blood vessels/nerves/glands),
hyaline cartilage,
adventitia (elastic CT)
What travels on the mucociliary escalator?
mechanism involving ciliary action and flow of mucus from bronchioles, through the bronchi and trachea to the larynx, by which particulate matter (especially alveolar macrophages) is removed from the respiratory tract.
Bronchial tree consists of?
Air passageways in the lungs that branch and branch again. From primary bronchi to terminal bronchi.
*Structural changes as the conducting tubes become smaller? (structure of bronchial tree)
Cartilage rings give way to plates of cartilage then no more cartilage in the bronchioles.
Epithelium type changes - psuedostrat columnar –> columnar –> cuboidal in terminal bronchioles.
Smooth muscle amount increases as the conducting tubes get smaller, bronchioles have a complete layer.
- Stucture of respiratory membrane? 6
Consists of: Capillary, alveolar walls and their fused membranes.
Primarily Type I alveolar cells (single layer squamous) surrounded by thin basement membrane.
Scattered amid the type I are type II alveolar cells which secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins.
External surfaces are covered with pulmonary capillaries.
bound by elastic fibers,
have open alveolar pores between alveoli,
have alveolar macrophages.
