2.2✅

Question 1

what does Bandura suggests?

Answer 1

suggested we learn criminal behaviour from others

Question 2

who might we learn behaviours from?

Answer 2

• roles models such as:
- parents
- peers
- teachers
- media

Question 3

what is social learning theory?

Answer 3

Proposes that we learn through observing behaviour and then imitating behaviour and then imitating behaviour of role models. Why?
- respect
- conforming
- norm

Question 4

what is Bandura Bobo Doll study (1963)?

Answer 4

• lab experiment
• children watched 2 different adult role models interact with a bobo doll
• aggressive- kicked, hit with hands, mallet, threw doll
• non-aggressive- neutral play
• children were then put in the room with the bobo doll to see if they imitated

Question 5

what are is the results of the study?

Answer 5

• aggressive role model- children imitated
• non-aggressive role model- non-aggressive role model
• more likely to imitate if role model was the same sex- able to identify
• males were more aggressive- Y chromosome as high testosterone, exposed more to violence

Question 6

when would we be more likely to imitate behaviour?

Answer 6

• vicarious reinforcements
- indirect reinforcement- observe others, rewarded/punished
- more likely to imitate if the model was rewarded eg robbery- gang
- less likely to imitate if the mode was punished eg arrest, social exclusion

Question 7

what is the operant learning theory?

Answer 7

By Skinner
• behaviour that results in a reward is likely to be repeated (positive reinforcement)
• the opposite for punishment

Question 8

what is behaviourism?

Answer 8

cause to someone’s behaviour lies in the reinforcement/punishment
- this explains criminal behaviour

Question 9

what is Jeffery’s theory?

Answer 9

If crime is more rewarding consequences than punishing ones they will be more likely to engage in criminal behaviour
- this could be finance rewards as well as emotional (friendship, respect, peers)

Question 10

what is the association theory?

Answer 10

Sutherland suggests individuals learn criminal behaviour in the family and peer groups. This is the result of 2 factors:
1) imitation of criminal acts
2) learning attitudes

Question 11

how does imitation result to criminality?

Answer 11

Individuals can acquire criminals skills/technique through observation

Question 12

how does learning attitudes result in criminality?

Answer 12

socialisation within the group exposed the individual to attitudes/values about the law. Some may be favourable to the law or unfavourable. If the individual internalises more unfavourable than favourable attitudes/values they are more likely to become criminals

Question 13

what is an example of learning attitudes?

Answer 13

WCC Sutherland found group attitudes in the workplace often normalise criminal behaviour. This made it easier for individuals to justify own behaviour

Question 14

what is the strengths for social learning theory?

Answer 14

• supporting evidence from Bobo Doll experiment- effect of role model and observation on imitating behaviour- especially aggressive behaviour
• can be used to explain a wide range of criminality- James Bulgar/ copy cat murders/ reoffending/ WCC

Question 15

what is the limitation in social learning theory?

Answer 15

• only a partial explanation for criminality- not all criminality is learnt eg people have free will and make a conscious choice not commit crime
• potentially lead to stereotypes and SFP - labelling individuals as criminals because of their role models
• fail to take into account biological theories
• Bobo Doll experiment- artificial- Bobo Doll was made to be hit

Question 16

what did Freud believe?

Answer 16

Ice berg theory
- focused on childhood experiences and how these influenced personality and adulthood
- eg trauma may cause criminal behaviour this could be maternal deprivation (MD)
• loss/breakdown of care from mother
• Bowlby- affectionless psychopath this is someone who lacks guilt or empathy
• 44 thieves- 14/44 (AP), 12/44 (separation)

Question 17

what did Freud believe about the mind?

Answer 17

Believed our mind could be broken into conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

Question 18

what is the conscious mind?

Answer 18

Thoughts/feelings we are aware of

Question 19

what is the unconscious mind?

Answer 19

thoughts/feelings we are not aware of
- threatening and repressed thoughts eg trauma
- personalities arise from conflicts between unconscious impulses and societal demands
- personality -> tripartite (3 parts)

Question 20

what is the tripartite?

Answer 20

• aggression may be due to the unresolved conflict between the 3 aspects of personality
• tripartite personality types are Id, ego, superego

Question 21

what is the biggest influence of behaviour?

Answer 21

Unconscious as this contains our biological drives

Question 22

what is Id?

Answer 22

Instincts
- primitive
- present from birth
- selfish
- pleasure principle

Question 23

what is the ego?

Answer 23

Reality
- second to reality
- mediates between Id and super ego
- reality principle

Question 24

what is the super ego?

Answer 24

Morality
- last to develop (age 5)
- internalise morals of same sex parent
- morality principle- right/wrong

Question 25

who do the personalities all develop properly?

Answer 25

Within a stable household if unstable ego/superego will fail to develop

Question 26

what is the 3 types of super ego?

Answer 26

1) Weak 2) Deviant 3) Overly harsh

Question 27

what is the weak super ego?

Answer 27

- result of an absence same sex parents - underdeveloped super ego - Id is able to overpower super ego= crime

Question 28

what is the deviant super ego?

Answer 28

- result of a deviant same sex parents, so you internalise an immoral super ego - developed super ego

Question 29

what is the overly harsh super ego?

Answer 29

- result of a strict same sex parent/upbringing this makes you feel guilt - unconscious needs for punishment - restricts the Id and could lead to mental health

Question 30

what is a defence mechanism?

Answer 30

- ego is used to manage conflict between Id and super ego - one defence mechanism is DISPLACEMENT - unconsciously redirects thoughts/feelings to a substitute target - explains crime like domestic violence, anti-social crime (graffiti), child abused, animal abuse

Question 31

what is the strengths of psychodynamic approach?

Answer 31

• demonstrated the importance of childhood experiences shaping adult behaviour which is generally supported • Bowbly’s 44 thieves study found that affectionless psychopaths (lack guilt) had experienced prolonged separation (childhood trauma)

Question 32

what is the limitations of psychodynamic approach?

Answer 32

• outdated theory - more modern theories (eg. SLT) can better explain criminality through role models and imitation, rather than superego. Shifted towards more scientific theories of behaviour • only a partial explanation - cannot always explain criminal behaviour- not all criminals have experienced trauma or had an absent same sex parents. Similarly not everyone who has experienced trauma commits crime • unfalsifiable - unable to disprove the concept of the unconscious and Id, lacks scientific credibility. Eg. Failure to remember trauma is because it has been repressed

Question 33

what is Eysenck criminal personality theory?

Answer 33

- personality types are the reason for criminal behaviour - certain personality types are more likely to offend than others

Question 34

what is Eysenck study?

Answer 34

1944 - used a questionnaire to assess personality of 700 soldiers - all were being treated for neurosis at a hospital - from responses, Eysenck identified 2 dimensions of personality. Each had their own personality traits

Question 35

what is the extrovert personality like?

Answer 35

• seek stimulation thrill seeking behaviour care free - impulsive (break rules) - risk takes (break rules) • eg: theft, car theft, gang violence, drug crime

Question 36

what is neurotics personality like?

Answer 36

• anxious, unpredictable, over-react - impulsive - violent

Question 37

what is psychotic personality like?

Answer 37

• low impulse control • hostile • aggressive

Question 38

what are all the personalities like?

Answer 38

All are slow to learn from consequences - reoffending

Question 39

what did Eysenck believe?

Answer 39

• Believe that personlity was innate, inherited through our nervous system • extroverts- underactive NS, seek stimulation and excitement • neurotics- overactive NS, quick to react/response slow to learn from mistakes

Question 40

what did Eysenck believe about the nervous system?

Answer 40

Believes the nervous system makes them difficult to socialise- delayed gratification - the want immediate gratification

Question 41

what was Eysenck research?

Answer 41

• assessed 2070 males prisoners who were compared to a control group of 2422 males • on measures of E, N and P, prisoners recorded higher scores that the control group • this reinforces criminality is linked to certain personality types

Question 42

what is the strengths of Eysenck?

Answer 42

• Eysenck research on prisoners found high levels of E, N, P in criminals in prison this suggests a link between criminality and personality types • If correct- personality could be identified in childhood and interventions in place to prevent crime occurring later in childhood

Question 43

what is the limitations of Eysenck?

Answer 43

• reliance on self reports/questionnaire to measure the criminal personality- dishonest/socially desirable/lack accurate perception of self • questionnaire may not be a stable measure of personality- may not be consistent across situations/contexts- difficult to measure accurately. Personality may not be fixed could change • doesn’t explain all criminal behaviour- some introverted criminals rather than extrovert • only correlational research may be a third variable that leads to criminality