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Criminology > 4.1✅ > Flashcards

4.1✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of policy development?

A

1) informal policy making
2) formal policy making

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2
Q

what is the informal policy?

A

• non-official ideas to prevent crime
• eg:
- schools (no touch policy)
- family (rules/sanctions)

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3
Q

what is a formal policy?

A

• policies from official bodies/official ideas to prevent crime
• eg:
- prison sentence
- fine
- community orders

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4
Q

what is the neurochemicals (diet) policies?

A

• low serotonin= aggression (crime)
• neurochemicals influences brain chemistry can be altered by diet (eg foods with serotonin- salmon/tuna)

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5
Q

what did Virkkunen do?

A

(1987)
Found violent offenders had lower levels of serotonin
Eg: artificial colouring (tartrazine-hyperactivity), vitamin B3 (treats SZ & violent behaviour)

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6
Q

what is the balance of good health plate?

A

Prisons (UK) uses balance of good health plate
- reduced sugar led to 48% decreases of anti social behaviour

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7
Q

what did Gesch (2002) do?

A

• 231 volunteers
• vitamin and faulty acids supplements (affecting neurochemicals)
• or a placebo (sugar tablets)
• average aggression incidents dropped by 35% for supplements group and 6.7% for the placebo group
• this shows that diet can have an impact of reducing aggression- crime

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8
Q

what is the 3 drug treatments?

A

1) chemical castration
2) antabuse
3) methadone

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9
Q

what is chemical castration?

A

• treating sex offenders with drugs
• SSRI’s to treat OCD and control of sexual families
• anti- androgen drugs which reduces testosterone, stubestrol makes the user impotent (lowers sex drives)
• mandatory in Poland, Russia, voluntary in Germany, France, Sweden
• in Scandinavia has reduced reoffending from 40% to >5%

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10
Q

what is Antabuse?

A

• treatment for chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol
• this reduces alcoholic crime
• risk is insufficient impulse control
• taking this increases sickness
• causes discomfort/pain

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11
Q

what is methadone?

A

• substitute for heroin to reduce to reduce the withdrawal symptoms

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12
Q

what is eugenics?

A

• removing characteristics from a population
• introduced by Gatan
• eg: Holocaust
• aim to improve the genetics quality of human populations

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13
Q

what do eugenics policies include?

A

Genetic screenings, birth control, sterilisation, and forced abortions

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14
Q

what does sterilisation mean?

A

Someone who is being stopped for being able to reproduce

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15
Q

what is an example of sterilisation?

A

Nazi sterilisation caused 400,000 sterilised Jews

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16
Q

what is the law of sterilisation?

A

(1927)
• US Supreme Court made compulsory sterilisation for anyone who is deemed to be unfit

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17
Q

what biological determinism?

A

This is reinforced by genetic explanations of crime, that criminals have no free will/choice over their actions
- this justifies eugenics because the criminal population is reduced with people with these crimes eg: if criminals came out of prison they will still commit crime because of genes

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18
Q

why is eugenic policies good?

A

• pressure to control and reduce crime could be used as justification for policies
• effective if there is a criminal gene- MAOA/XYY- then eugenics would prevent future criminality

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19
Q

why is eugenic policies bad?

A

• unethical- violation of human rights and morally wrong to sterilise groups of people
• decriminalisation- of certain groups/certain characteristics, marginalised group, negative impact on individuals and wider society (easily abused)
• not all criminals have a criminal gene- there are other contributing factors for committing crime
• eugenics would not be effective in these cases- other strategies are less extremes and would be more effective
• some criminals can be reformed/rehabilitated which eugenics neglects
- criminals have free will/control over their behaviours
• sterilisation would prevent future criminals but not the individual committing crimes

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20
Q

why do we have the death penalty?

A

• driven by the biologically determined arguments
• justice for victims/families
• cost effective- frees up space in prisons
• prevents reoffending
• acts as a deterrent for other criminals

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21
Q

what is death penalty information centre (2022)?

A

• the south of USA had consistency highest murder rate and accounts for 80% of execution
• this shows that the death penalty does not act as a deterrent

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22
Q

what is the laws in death penalty?

A

• Uk is for murder only abolished in 1965 temporarily as the murder rate did not rise, abolition was made permanent in 1969 except for treason (1999)
• 2020, china is the top executioner. 483 executions in 18 countries (excluding China). Lowest number recorded in a decade. 2022-3 death penalty increased. Lowest number recorded in a decade (2020)

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23
Q

what are the benefits of the death penalty?

A

• deterrence (individual)
- murders will think twice before killing for fear of losing their own life
• retribution
- eye for an eye
- restored a balance
- brings closure to the family
• Japan had lowest crime rates
• more humane than a life sentence
• public opinion in favour for certain crimes

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24
Q

what are the limitations of death penalty?

A

• deterrence
- state in US that do not have the death penalty
- most do not expect to be caught
• wrongfully convicted people murdered
• human rights violation
• CJS should lead us to higher principles
- extends chain of violence
- pay back/ revenge
• 195 since 1973 released from death row due to innocence
• no opportunity for rehabilitation to reform
• disproportionately used against certain characteristics
- discrimination

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25
what is psychoanalysis?
• talking therapy • aims to access the offenders unconscious conflicts and repressed thoughts so they can be resolved • based on the psychodynamic approach by Freud • 1-2hours at a time 5 days a week long sessions from years
26
how could you access someone’s unconscious?
1) free association - encouraging the patient to talk about anything that comes to their mind 2) hypnosis 3) dream analysis - unconscious thoughts slip through in your dreams
27
what is the Rorschach test?
Inkblot test: • recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation • examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning • accesses the unconscious
28
is this effective for dealing with offenders?
• time consuming - cannot/has not been done on a large scale - expensive - time - practical issues • could recover painful memories that were repressed: identify causes of behaviour/ better understanding (+) or could lead to further trauma (-) • imbalance of power for analyst- defining what is normal/abnormal- may have ethical issue- open to abuse
29
what is the contradicting evidence regarding effectiveness?
• eyesenck - 44% of neurotics showed improvements with psychoanalysis - however, 72% improved with hospital treatment • 2010- pychoanalysis works as well as CBT
30
what is cognitive therapies?
(Cognitive= mental processes) • cognitive behavioural therapy focuses on how thoughts and feelings shape behaviours • offenders may have distorted thoughts which results in crime. Eg: - justify actions - overly ambitious - minimising the harm they done - overly aggressive/violent
31
what is an example of CBT?
ART (aggression replacement training) • a programme for violent or aggressive offenders • it involves: - interpretations skills training eg role play - anger control techniques, dealing with emotions and providing offenders with alternative courses of action instead of violence - moral reasoning training that challenges attitudes by confronting them with moral dilemmas to think about • how does it work? - learn what causes anger and how you express it - learn to control emotions/behaviours • research - social skills in Bandura’s work - moral reasoning is based on Kohlberg’s stages • effective: - shows lower reconnection rates but shows higher thinking skills but behaviour did not
32
what is behaviour modification?
• techniques to change/shape behaviour
33
how would this be useful for offenders?
• removes undesirable behaviours and encouraging desirable behaviours • examples: - aggressive - impulsive - egotistical
34
how could you encourage distance behaviours?
• rewarding positive behaviours, punishing undesirable behaviours - crimes = prison
35
what is the token economy system?
• way of shaping behaviours in prison • prisons are made aware of desirable behaviours • prisoners are rewarded with a token (secondary reinforcers ) when show these behaviours • prisoners can exchange tokens for desirable rewards (primary reinforcers) • example of desirable behaviours: - calm communication - compliment to jobs • examples of rewards: - cigarettes - visitations - early release - phone calls - treat foods
36
who is Hobbs and Holt?
• token economy at Alabama Boys School- for delinquents • aimed to reduce inappropriate behaviours when lining up • boys separated into 4 cottages and told of criteria for tokens • 1 cottage was not told of criteria for tokens • all behaviours showed an increase in desirable social behaviours except the control group- no token economy
37
how effective is a token economy system?
• opportunities for rehabilitation • supporting studies - Hobbs and Holt was effective
38
how ineffective is a token economy system?
• not effective for all - some may be more motivated than others - Fo and Davidson- ‘buddy’, less effective for less serious crime • unethical - dehumanising • short term effective on changing behaviour - superficial change - reoffending 3years later • pratical issues - cost - high turn over of staff
39
what are the sociological policies?
- penal populism - zero tolerance policy - multi agency approach - surveillance/CCTV - restorative justice
40
what is penal populism?
When governments compete to get tough on crime - ‘prison works’ from the 1990s government began to take the view that tougher penalties were needed arguing that prison works
41
what are the government influences on penal populism?
1997 Crime (sentences) Act 1997 New Labour- ASBO’s, curfews
42
what are the effects of penal populism?
- penal populism increased the use of imprisonment and social controls - impact on public opinions - crested exclusion and divisiveness in liberal democracies as this silences perspectives for the dangerous other the are considered enemies that should be eradicated - incapacitation, rehabilitation, recidivism, deterrence
43
how is penal populism supported by right realism?
Informed by right realism that criminals make a rational choice to commit crime so harsher punishment would act as a deterrence
44
what is the theory for zero tolerance policy?
Wilson and Kelling’s ‘broken windows’ theory argues that a disorderly neighbourhood sends out the message that nobody cares - this attracts more offenders
45
what realism supports zero tolerance policy?
Informed by right realism and ‘broken windows’ theory as environmental crime prevention
46
what is environmental improvement strategy?
All signs of disorders must be tackled promptly
47
what is an example of zero tolerance policing?
• the police enforce laws and involves giving the police less freedom to use discretion, the police are obliged to hand out strict penalties for criminal activity
48
why would environmental crime prevention work?
• reduce the opportunities for crime to occur in an environment
49
why is zero tolerance policy effective?
• crime has fallen in some places after ZPT introduced • ZTP can lead to targeting of ethnic minorities due to police racism • fails to tackle structural causes of crime such as poverty
50
what is multi- agency?
• means that minor crimes/deviance is not wasting police time - neighbourhood watch, PCSO (useful in monitoring crime and dealing with it • crime control must involve many different agencies apart from the police
51
what is an example of multi agency approach?
NKNL - multi agency approach - schools, police, young services to prevent knife crime - however, may be a diffusion of responsibility/lack of communication
52
what realism supports multi agency approach?
informed by left realism, involvement of all agencies to deal with and prevent crime
53
what is the legislation of multi- agency approach?
• crime and disorder act (1998) - agencies involved to help tackle crime is the police, fire and rescue authority local authorities, health partners and probation services • community that care - Labour
54
what is a modem version of the Panopticon?
CCTV is a modem version of the panopticon
55
what are types of CCTV/surveillances?
• ring doorbell • dashcam • CCTV • social media • ANPR (automatic number plate recognition) • speed camera
56
how does this prevent crime?
• can deter criminals- fear of being watched/getting caught
57
why is surveillance/CCTV is effective?
• high volume of CCTV can produce evidence And create a timeline useful in prosecution • can observe more than a single point in time • deter
58
why is surveillance/CCTV is ineffective?
• practical issues with CCTV • research has suggested that few criminals are actually deterred by CCTV can lead to displacement- moves crime to a different place rather that stopping it altogether
59
what is the restorative justice?
• an approach to justice to repair harm by getting those harmed and those who were harmful to communicate about the crime - the offender takes responsibility for his crime - allows reintegration of the offender into the community - encourages reparation being made to the victim • a facilitated restorative meeting is held to enable a mutual understanding and reach the best solution of the issue - gives victims satisfaction, reduces fear
60
what is behaviour modification?
techniques to change/shape behaviour
61
how would this be useful for offenders?
• remove undesirable behaviours and encouraging desirable behaviour • eg: - aggressive - impulsive - egotistical
62
how could you do behaviour modification?
• rewarding positive behaviours, punishing undesirable behaviours - crimes= prison
63
what could be used as behaviour modification?
Token economy system
64
what is the token economy system?
• way of shaping behaviours in prison • prisons are made aware of desirable behaviours • prisoners are rewarded with a token (secondary reinforcers) when shows these behaviours • prisoners can exchange takers for desirable rewards (primary reinforcers) • example of desirable behaviours: - calm communication - component to jobs • examples of rewards: - cigarettes - visitation - early release - treat food
65
who is Hobbs and Holt (1976)?
• token economy at Alabama Boys School- for delinquents • aimed to reduce inappropriate behaviours when lining up • boys separated into 4 cottage’s and told of criteria for tokens • 1 cottage was not told of criteria of criteria for token’s social behaviours except the control group- no token economy
66
why is the token economy system effective?
• opportunities for rehabilitation • supporting studies - Hobbs and Holt was effective
67
how is the token economy system ineffective?
• not effective for all - some may be more motivated then others - Fo and Davidson > buddy > less effective for less serious crimes • unethical - dehumanising • short term effective on changing behaviour - superficial change - reoffending 3 years later • practical issues - cost - high turn over of staff
68
what is an example of chemical castration/social change?
Alan Turing
69
who is Alan Turing?
• born in England in 1912 • teachers noticed he was a maths genius • at school he realised he was gay • at college he created the idea of a machine that could break the code (war hero) of the Nazi’s • some of his stuff were robbed, he called the police and he said his boyfriend may have stolen it • Turing has been given option he chose chemical castration • he was charged will gross decency • the chemical castration made him depressed and he killed himself

Criminology (9 decks)

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