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A Level Food Science > 2.2,3.3.2 Classify, Function Unsatisfactory > Flashcards

2.2,3.3.2 Classify, Function Unsatisfactory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the classification of Protein?

A

Macronutrient

Proteins are essential macronutrients that play various roles in the body.

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2
Q

What are the two types of protein based on biological value?

A

High biological value (HBV) and low biological value (LBV)

HBV proteins contain all essential amino acids, while LBV proteins lack one or more.

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3
Q

Provide examples of High Biological Value (HBV) proteins.

A
  • Eggs
  • Butter
  • Ricotta
  • Parmesan
  • Milk

HBV proteins are typically derived from animal sources.

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4
Q

Provide examples of Low Biological Value (LBV) proteins.

A
  • Cannellini beans
  • Kidneys beans

LBV proteins are often plant-based and may lack some essential amino acids.

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5
Q

What is one function of protein in the body?

A

Helps body grow and repairs damaged cells such as muscle cells

Proteins are crucial for muscle repair and growth.

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6
Q

What is a secondary function of protein?

A

Source of energy

While not the primary function, proteins can be used for energy when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient.

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7
Q

What are the consequences of protein deficiency?

A
  • Slow physical development in children
  • Digestive problems
  • Malfunction of liver
  • Weakening of muscles
  • Kwashiorkor
  • Oedema, fluid build-up

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency.

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8
Q

What are the effects of excess protein intake?

A
  • Strain on liver and kidneys
  • Weight gain
  • Constipation
  • Dehydration
  • Increased risk of heart disease
  • Increased risk of kidney disease

Excess protein can lead to various health issues, especially for those with pre-existing kidney conditions.

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9
Q

What is the classification of Fat?

A

Macronutrient

Fats are essential macronutrients that provide energy and support various bodily functions.

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10
Q

What are the two types of fat?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are usually liquid.

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11
Q

Provide examples of saturated fats.

A
  • Ricotta
  • Parmesan
  • Butter
  • Dark chocolate
  • Whole milk

Saturated fats are often found in animal products.

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12
Q

Provide examples of unsaturated fats.

A
  • Olive oil
  • Vegetable oil

Unsaturated fats are generally considered healthier fats.

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13
Q

What is one function of fat in the body?

A

Forms protective layer around organs

Fats help to cushion and protect vital organs.

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14
Q

What is another function of fat?

A

Provides insulation

Fats help to maintain body temperature by providing insulation.

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15
Q

What do fats provide that are essential for health?

A
  • Fat soluble vitamins
  • Essential fatty acids

Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K, which require fat for absorption.

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16
Q

What are the consequences of fat deficiency?

A
  • Dry rashes
  • Hair loss
  • Brittle nails
  • Weakened immune system
  • Vitamin deficiencies

Insufficient fat intake can lead to various health issues, particularly related to skin and immune health.

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17
Q

What are the effects of excess fat intake?

A
  • Weight gain
  • Obesity
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Increased risk of heart disease
  • Increased risk of some cancers

Excessive fat intake, particularly saturated fats, may lead to severe health issues.

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18
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A macronutrient that serves as a primary source of energy.

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19
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

Starchy and simple.

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20
Q

Give examples of starchy carbohydrates.

A

Bread, bun, ravioli, pastry, sweet potato.

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21
Q

Give examples of simple carbohydrates.

A

Hazelnut praline, dark chocolate.

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22
Q

What are the benefits of carbohydrates?

A

They provide energy, act as an energy reservoir, and provide fiber.

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23
Q

What are some symptoms of carbohydrate deficiency?

A

Hunger, headaches, fatigue, weakness, nausea, constipation, vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

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24
Q

What is dietary fiber?

A

A type of carbohydrate that helps keep the digestive system healthy and aids in passing waste.

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25
What are some food sources of dietary fiber?
Hazelnuts, kidney beans, cannellini beans, spinach.
26
What is Vitamin A also known as?
Retinol.
27
Is Vitamin A fat soluble or water soluble?
Fat soluble.
28
What are some food sources of Vitamin A?
Eggs, butter, milk, parmesan, ricotta, sweet potato, dark chocolate, hazelnuts, kidney beans, cannellini beans.
29
What are the health benefits of Vitamin A?
Helps vision in dim light, keeps mucous membranes healthy, and supports the immune system.
30
What are some consequences of Vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, infections, stunted growth, keratomalacia.
31
What are some health issues related to carbohydrate overconsumption?
Weight gain, obesity, high blood sugar, increased risk of heart disease, fatigue, type 2 diabetes.
32
What are some symptoms of dietary fiber deficiency?
Bloating, constipation, stomach cramps, loss of appetite.
33
What are some consequences of Vitamin A toxicity?
Hair loss, cracked lips, dry skin, liver damage, birth defects in fetuses.
34
What is Vitamin D also known as?
Cholecalciferol ## Footnote Fat soluble
35
What foods are high in Vitamin D?
Egg, ricotta, butter, milk, parmesan.
36
What does Vitamin D regulate?
Sodium absorption.
37
What are the benefits of Vitamin D?
Helps bone strength and keeps the immune system healthy.
38
What are symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency?
Fatigue, bone pains, muscle weakness, weakened immune system, rickets.
39
What are symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity?
Build-up of calcium in blood, hypercalcemia, nausea, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones.
40
What is Vitamin E also known as?
Alpha-tocopherol ## Footnote Fat soluble
41
What foods are high in Vitamin E?
Ricotta, milk, parmesan, butter, eggs, spinach, kidney beans, cannellini beans, hazelnuts.
42
What is the main function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant.
43
What does Vitamin E prevent?
Prevents free radicals from entering the body and prevents blood clotting in blood vessels.
44
What are symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?
Impaired reflexes and coordination, weak muscles.
45
What are symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity?
Rare, haemorrhage, muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea.
46
What is Vitamin K also known as?
Phylloquinone ## Footnote Fat soluble
47
What foods are high in Vitamin K?
Eggs, milk, butter, parmesan, ricotta, spinach.
48
What is Vitamin B1 also known as?
Thiamine ## Footnote Water soluble
49
What foods are high in Vitamin B1?
Cannellini beans, kidney beans, eggs.
50
What are the functions of Vitamin B1?
Helps blood clotting, helps wounds heal, releases energy from carbohydrates, nerve function, DNA production.
51
What are symptoms of Vitamin B1 deficiency?
Easy bruising, excessive bleeding, rare jaundice, Beri-Beri, muscle weakness, lack of muscle coordination, nerve problems.
52
What is a rare symptom associated with Vitamin B1 deficiency?
Chest pain.
53
What is a symptom of Vitamin B2 deficiency?
Rare, bright yellow urine.
54
What is another name for Vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
55
Is Vitamin B2 water soluble?
Yes, it is water soluble.
56
What are some food sources of Vitamin B2?
Milk, butter, parmesan, eggs.
57
What is the function of Vitamin B2?
Release energy from carbohydrates. ## Footnote Converts retinol to retinoic acid.
58
What is a symptom of Vitamin B2 deficiency?
Producing Vitamin B6.
59
What is a symptom of Vitamin B3 deficiency?
Rare, sores at corners of mouth.
60
What is another name for Vitamin B3?
Niacin
61
Is Vitamin B3 water soluble?
Yes, it is water soluble.
62
What are some food sources of Vitamin B3?
Eggs, wheat, milk, hazelnuts.
63
What are the functions of Vitamin B3?
Involved in metabolic reactions, keeps digestive system healthy, healthy skin. ## Footnote Pellagra, diarrhoea, dementia, dermatitis.
64
What are some symptoms of Vitamin B3 deficiency?
Diarrhoea, bloating, stomach pains, headache.
65
What is another name for Vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid
66
Is Vitamin B5 water soluble?
Yes, it is water soluble.
67
What are some food sources of Vitamin B5?
Hazelnuts, milk.
68
What is the function of Vitamin B5?
Breakdown of protein, fat and carbohydrates.
69
What are some symptoms of Vitamin B5 deficiency?
Rare, fatigue, insomnia, depression, upset stomach. ## Footnote Kare, upset stomach, diarrhoea.
70
What is another name for Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
71
Is Vitamin B6 water soluble?
Yes, it is water soluble.
72
What are some food sources of Vitamin B6?
Spinach, milk, ricotta, eggs.
73
What is the function of Vitamin B6?
Create red blood cells for oxygen transport.
74
What are some symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?
Sores at corners of mouth, swollen tongue, depression, weak immune system. ## Footnote Rare, nerve damage.
75
What is Vitamin B7?
Biotin ## Footnote Water soluble; found in eggs and sweet potato. Supports nerve system function and may help with hair loss, dry skin, depression, and fatigue.
76
What is Vitamin B9?
Folate ## Footnote Water soluble; found in spinach, cannellini beans, and kidney beans. Essential for making healthy red blood cells and embryo growth. Prevents spinal defects (spina bifida) in foetus.
77
What are the consequences of Vitamin B9 deficiency?
Megaloblastic anaemia and spina bifida in babies. ## Footnote None.
78
What is Vitamin B12?
Cobalamin ## Footnote Water soluble; found in eggs, milk, parmesan, and ricotta. Important for making healthy red and nerve cells.
79
What are the consequences of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anaemia, headache, nausea, and diarrhoea. ## Footnote None.
80
What is Vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid ## Footnote Water soluble; found in spinach. Acts as an antioxidant, prevents certain diseases, helps collagen production, and aids in iron absorption.
81
What are the consequences of Vitamin C deficiency?
Fatigue, weakness, joint and muscle pain, swollen gums, easy bruising, and scurvy. ## Footnote Rare cases may lead to stomach pain and diarrhoea.
82
What does iron do in the body?
Makes haemoglobin in red blood cells that carry oxygen. ## Footnote Found in butter, parmesan, milk, ricotta, kidney beans, and cannellini beans.
83
What does calcium do for teeth and bones?
Works with phosphorus to make teeth and bones strong.
84
What is the role of calcium in muscle and nerve function?
Makes nerves and muscles work properly.
85
What are symptoms of iron deficiency?
Fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headaches, pale skin, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, anaemia.
86
What are the risks associated with iron deficiency?
Liver disease, risk of heart problems.
87
What are symptoms of calcium deficiency?
Weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, difficulty swallowing, fainting, osteoporosis.
88
What are the risks associated with excess calcium?
Hypercalcemia, weakened bones, kidney stones.
89
What is magnesium?
A mineral found in spinach, milk, and hazelnuts. It releases energy and is part of cell membranes.
90
What is potassium?
A mineral found in cannellini beans, kidney beans, and spinach.
91
What is sodium?
A mineral found in salt used for seasoning. It is important for nerve cell function, regulates heartbeat, and is part of extracellular fluid.
92
What is phosphorus?
A mineral found in ricotta, milk, butter, parmesan, hazelnuts, kidney beans, and cannellini beans. It helps in the formation of bones and teeth, is a component of cell membranes, and helps make proteins.
93
What is fluorine?
A mineral found in spinach. It strengthens bones and teeth.
94
What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?
Weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, heart palpitations, and problems breathing.
95
What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency?
Muscle cramps.
96
What are the symptoms of sodium deficiency?
Nausea, stomach pains, and diarrhoea.
97
What are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?
Confusion, muscle weakness, bone pain, and infections.
98
What are the symptoms of fluorine deficiency?
Cavities and weak bones.
99
What are the risks associated with high sodium levels?
High blood pressure and increased risk of heart disease.
100
What are the risks associated with high phosphorus levels?
Weakened bones, pulls calcium out of bones, and increased risk of heart attacks.
101
What are the risks associated with fluorine deficiency?
Cavities and weak bones.
102
What are the risks associated with magnesium deficiency?
Rare, risk of heart attacks, lack of muscle control, and loss of appetite.
103
What is the role of iodine?
Produces hormone thyroxine in thyroid gland.
104
What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?
Dry skin, swelling of thyroid glands, thinning hair.
105
What are the potential effects of severe iodine deficiency?
Rare, weight gain, thyroid problems.
106
What foods are high in iodine?
Eggs, parmesan, milk, butter, ricotta, cannellini beans, kidney beans.
107
What are carotenoids?
Phytochemical.
108
What are phytosterols?
Phytochemical.
109
What are phytoestrogens?
Phytochemical.
110
What is the benefit of carotenoids?
Converted into vitamin A, antioxidant, protect against development of some cancers, lower blood cholesterol levels, help immune system function.
111
What is the health benefit of phytosterols?
Lower blood cholesterol levels, decrease risk of heart disease.
112
What foods are high in carotenoids?
Spinach, eggs, sweet potato.
113
What foods are high in phytosterols?
Olive oil, hazelnuts, sage, parmesan.
114
What are the benefits of antioxidants?
Protect against development of some cancers, help immune system function, reduce.
115
What are polyphenols?
Phytochemicals found in foods like hazelnuts, cannellini beans, kidney beans, and dark chocolate. protect against the development of some cancers, acting as antioxidants and supporting immune system function.
116
What are sulphides?
Phytochemicals found in foods like eggs, parmesan, milk, and garlic. They act as antioxidants, protect against the development of some cancers, and help immune system function.

A Level Food Science (5 decks)

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