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A Level Food Science > AC3.3 Individual Needs > Flashcards

AC3.3 Individual Needs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the impact of being underweight during pregnancy?

A

Increases the likelihood of difficulties in becoming pregnant and a higher risk of low birth weight in the baby.

Low birth weight is associated with greater health risks for the infant.

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2
Q

What complications can overweight individuals face during pregnancy?

A

Increased risk of complications such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

These complications can affect both maternal and fetal health.

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3
Q

What is the role of folic acid during pregnancy?

A

Essential for rapid cell division and growth in the fetus, and reduces the chance of neural tube defects.

Neural tube defects include conditions like spina bifida.

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4
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for pregnant women?

A

400 micrograms (µg) daily.

Pregnant women may need more if at risk for neural tube defects.

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5
Q

When should women start taking folic acid during pregnancy?

A

Before conception and continue until at least 12 weeks of pregnancy.

Early supplementation is crucial for neural development.

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6
Q

Why are additional nutrients are needed during the last months of pregnancy?

A

Nutrients needed for:
* Development of the uterus
* Growth of the placenta
* Growth of the fetus
* Stores of nutrients and energy for lactation.

These nutrients support both the mother and the developing baby.

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7
Q

What dietary changes occur in the first six months of pregnancy?

A

Most women do not need to eat more than normal as the body becomes more efficient at absorbing nutrients.

This efficiency helps meet the nutritional needs of the growing fetus.

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8
Q

How many extra calories are typically needed in the third trimester?

A

An additional 200 kcal.

This increase supports the rapid growth of the fetus.

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9
Q

What foods should be avoided during pregnancy due to vitamin A content?

A

Foods high in vitamin A such as:
* Liver
* Oily fish.

High levels of vitamin A are linked to birth defects.

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10
Q

Which types of cheese should be avoided during pregnancy?

A

Unpasteurized and soft cheeses such as Brie and Camembert.

These cheeses may contain listeria, which can cause miscarriages or harm to the baby.

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11
Q

What types of fish are high in mercury and should be avoided during pregnancy?

A

Shark, marlin, and swordfish.

High mercury levels can harm the developing nervous system of the unborn baby.

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12
Q

True or False: It is recommended to completely avoid alcohol during pregnancy.

A

True.

Alcohol consumption can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

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13
Q

What is advised regarding caffeine intake during pregnancy?

A

Cut down on caffeine.

High caffeine intake is associated with risks during pregnancy.

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14
Q

What should pregnant women avoid to lower the risk of foodborne illness?

A
  • ready meals (uncooked)
  • unwashed fruit and vegetables
  • raw and partially cooked eggs
  • undercooked meat
  • unpasteurized milk

Ready meals should be pre-heated before consumption to ensure safety.

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15
Q

What are some dietary recommendations for lactating mothers?

A
  • plenty of fruit
  • whole grains
  • good quality protein
  • dairy or calcium-fortified alternatives
  • small amounts of unsaturated oils

A balanced diet supports milk production and quality.

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16
Q

What are the nutritional components of breast milk?

A
  • 100% provided energy
  • 7% protein
  • 4% fat
  • 18% carbohydrates
  • 25-35 mg calcium

Provides special proteins - antibodies and white blood cells- to protect against infection

Breast milk provides all the energy and nutrients a baby needs for the first 6 months.

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17
Q

What is colostrum and its significance?

A

Colostrum is a special form of breast milk produced in the first 3 days, containing extra antibodies and proteins that help protect against infection.

Colostrum has less fat and more protein compared to regular breast milk.

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18
Q

When should complementary feeding start for infants?

A

After 6 months, as breast milk alone no longer fulfills all of a baby’s energy needs.

Introducing complementary foods before 4 months increases the risk of allergies and digestive issues.

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19
Q

What should be the texture of solids introduced to infants?

A

Semi-fluid and soft.

This ensures easier digestion for infants.

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20
Q

What foods should children under 5 avoid?

A
  • whole nuts
  • raw shellfish
  • unpasteurized milk

These foods pose a higher risk of foodborne illness.

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21
Q

What is the recommended daily diet for infants?

A

500 ųg a day

Less than 500 should be given supplement ACD.

1year should have 8.5-10ųg of vitamin D a day

Cows milk should not be drank until age 12

Supplements help ensure infants receive necessary nutrients.

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22
Q

At what age should breastfeeding continue for infants?

A

Breastfeeding should continue until at least 12 months.

Extended breastfeeding supports ongoing nutritional needs.

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23
Q

Dietary requirements for toddlers up to 5 years

A

Supplement recommended for children ACE up to 5 years. Particularly important if not eating a varied diet

Semi-skinner milk can be gradually introduced when a child reaches 2 if they are healthy but 1% and semi-skinned should not be given as the main drink until age 5

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24
Q

Why do children have a higher energy requirement compared to adults?

A

Children have a higher energy requirement for their body size because they are growing rapidly and are often very active.

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25
What type of diet is essential for children's growth and development?
A nutrient-dense diet providing adequate energy and nutrients, including healthy snacks, is essential for growth and development.
26
Why is it important for children to drink sufficient fluids?
It is important for children to have sufficient to drink to support their growth and development.
27
What dietary approach should young children follow?
Young children should eat small and frequent meals due to their small stomachs.
28
What should children's diets from the age of 5 be based on?
Children's diets from the age of 5 should be based on the principles of the Eatwell Guide.
29
What should children's diets include according to the Eatwell Guide?
Children's diets should include plenty of starchy carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables, and some protein and dairy foods.
30
What should children be encouraged to maintain regarding their weight?
Children should be encouraged to remain a healthy weight with respect to their height.
31
How can a healthy family lifestyle contribute to children's health?
A healthy family lifestyle can help maintain a healthy weight, such as being active together or sharing meals.
32
What is childhood important for?
Childhood is an important time for growth and development.
33
What nutrients do children need during childhood?
Children need a good supply of protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins A and D.
34
When do children begin to take responsibility for their food choices?
Children begin to take responsibility for their own food choices during childhood.
35
What type of diet should children be encouraged to eat?
Children should be encouraged to eat a healthy, varied diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and starchy foods.
36
Why is dental hygiene important for children?
Dental hygiene is very important to prevent dental caries.
37
How often should children brush their teeth?
Teeth should be brushed twice a day, for at least 2 minutes at a time, with fluoride-containing toothpaste.
38
What should be limited to meal-times for children?
Sugar-containing foods and drinks should be limited to meal-times.
39
What is adolescence a period of?
Adolescence is a period of rapid growth and development and is when puberty occurs.
40
What is the energy and nutrient demand during adolescence?
The demand for energy and most nutrients is relatively high during adolescence.
41
Do boys or girls need more protein and energy for growth?
Boys need more protein and energy than girls for growth.
42
Why do girls need more iron than boys during adolescence?
Girls need more iron than boys to replace menstrual losses.
43
What lifestyle should be encouraged during adolescence?
It is important to encourage an active lifestyle with a healthy, balanced diet during adolescence.
44
Why are good habits during adolescence important?
Good habits practiced during adolescence are likely to benefit health for the rest of their lives.
45
How much iron do teenage girls require daily?
Teenage girls require 14.8 mg of iron each day.
46
How much iron do teenage boys need daily?
Teenage boys need 11.3 mg of iron daily.
47
What is the daily iron requirement for men aged 19 or over?
The daily iron requirement for men aged 19 or over is 8.7 mg.
48
How is iron from meat sources absorbed?
Iron from meat sources is readily absorbed by the human body.
49
What helps to absorb iron from non-meat sources?
Vitamin C helps to absorb iron from non-meat sources.
50
What are some non-meat sources of iron?
Non-meat sources of iron include green leafy vegetables, nuts, pulses, dried fruits, wheat flour, and breakfast cereals.
51
Do nutritional requirements change much between ages 19 to 50?
Nutritional requirements do not change much between the ages of 19 to 50, except during pregnancy.
52
What are common dietary issues for UK adults?
On average, UK adults are eating too much saturated fat, sugar, and salt from food, and not enough fruit and vegetables.
53
What diseases can a poor diet lead to?
A poor diet can lead to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes.
54
What are some ways to reduce the risk of developing diseases?
To reduce the risk, it is important to eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables, opt for healthier fats, get enough dietary fibre, keep well hydrated, stay active, drink alcohol in moderation, and not smoke.
55
What should adults aim for regarding body weight?
Adults should aim for a healthy body weight for their height and try to keep it at that level.
56
What does BMI stand for?
BMI stands for Body Mass Index.
57
What does BMI indicate?
BMI indicates whether a person is underweight, overweight, or at a healthy weight.
58
How do you calculate BMI?
To calculate BMI, divide weight (kg) by height (m) x height (m). ## Footnote Formula: BMI = weight (kg) / (height (m) x height (m))
59
What is the BMI range for underweight?
The BMI range for underweight is less than 18.5.
60
What is the BMI range for normal weight?
The BMI range for normal weight is 18.5 - less than 25.
61
What is the BMI range for overweight?
The BMI range for overweight is 25 - less than 30.
62
What is the BMI range for obese?
The BMI range for obese is 30 - 40.
63
What is the BMI range for very obese?
The BMI range for very obese is over 40.
64
What is the term used to refer to people over the age of 65?
Older adults.
65
How do energy requirements change after the age of 65?
Energy requirements gradually decrease as activity level falls.
66
What are some reasons older adults may eat less?
Older adults may eat less due to: - difficulty in chewing and swallowing; - dental problems; - changes in sense of smell and taste; - difficulty in shopping, preparing and cooking food; - living alone; - financial problems; - illness.
67
What is important for older adults to maintain good health?
It is important for older adults to: - enjoy their food; - keep active; - have adequate nutrient intakes.
68
What type of diet should older adults adopt?
Older adults should adopt a healthy, balanced diet to maintain health.
69
Why is hydration important for older adults?
It is important for older adults to keep hydrated by drinking plenty of fluid, as even minor dehydration may lead to health problems.
70
What happens to bone strength in women after menopause?
Women lose bone strength at an increased rate after menopause.
71
What is peak bone mass (PBM)?
Peak bone mass (PBM) is the maximum bone density reached in early adulthood.
72
Why is having a great peak bone mass important?
It helps adults start from a higher point from which bones will be lost during the ageing process.
73
What should older adults ensure regarding their diet?
Older adults should have plenty of calcium intake from the diet.
74
What else should older adults do besides calcium intake?
They should remain active and have adequate vitamin D from foods or sunlight.
75
What should adults over 65 years who are housebound do?
They should take a daily supplement of vitamin D.
76
Why do housebound adults need a vitamin D supplement?
Skin synthesis of vitamin D requires sunshine.
77
What is a vegan diet?
A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and honey.
78
True or False: Vegetarians consume meat.
False
79
Fill in the blank: Vegans must ensure they get adequate _____ from plant sources.
protein
80
Which vitamin is often lacking in vegan diets and may require supplementation?
Vitamin B12
81
What are two common sources of protein for vegetarians?
Legumes and dairy products
82
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a complete protein source for vegans? A) Quinoa B) Rice C) Corn D) Wheat
A) Quinoa
83
What is the primary concern regarding iron absorption in vegan diets?
Plant-based iron (non-heme iron) is less easily absorbed than heme iron from animal sources.
84
True or False: All vegetarians avoid dairy products.
False
85
What nutrient is important for bone health that vegans need to monitor?
Calcium
86
Short Answer: Name one essential fatty acid that vegans should include in their diet.
Omega-3 fatty acids
87
What is a vegan diet?
A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and honey.
88
True or False: Vegetarians consume meat.
False
89
Fill in the blank: Vegans must ensure they get adequate _____ from plant sources.
protein
90
Which vitamin is often lacking in vegan diets and may require supplementation?
Vitamin B12
91
What are two common sources of protein for vegetarians?
Legumes and dairy products
92
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a complete protein source for vegans? A) Quinoa B) Rice C) Corn D) Wheat
A) Quinoa
93
What is the primary concern regarding iron absorption in vegan diets?
Plant-based iron (non-heme iron) is less easily absorbed than heme iron from animal sources.
94
True or False: All vegetarians avoid dairy products.
False
95
What nutrient is important for bone health that vegans need to monitor?
Calcium
96
Short Answer: Name one essential fatty acid that vegans should include in their diet.
Omega-3 fatty acids
97
What is the primary dietary focus for managing type 1 diabetes?
Carbohydrate counting and insulin management.
98
True or False: People with type 2 diabetes should avoid all carbohydrates.
False.
99
Fill in the blank: A high-fiber diet can help manage ________ levels in type 2 diabetes.
blood glucose
100
What is the recommended daily fiber intake for adults?
25-30 grams.
101
What role does protein play in the diet of individuals with diabetes?
Helps to maintain muscle mass and manage satiety.
102
What is hypercholesterolemia?
A condition characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
103
Which type of fat should be limited to manage hypercholesterolemia?
Saturated and trans fats.
104
True or False: Omega-3 fatty acids can help lower cholesterol levels.
True.
105
What foods are rich in omega-3 fatty acids?
Fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts.
106
What is the dietary recommendation for individuals with anemia?
Increase intake of iron-rich foods.
107
Fill in the blank: Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ________ from plant sources.
iron
108
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 is an autoimmune disease; type 2 is often related to lifestyle factors.
109
What is a common symptom of anemia?
Fatigue.
110
True or False: Whole grains are beneficial for managing diabetes.
True.
111
What is the glycemic index?
A measure of how quickly foods raise blood glucose levels.
112
Which type of diabetes is more commonly associated with obesity?
Type 2 diabetes.
113
What is the recommended maximum daily intake of cholesterol for individuals with hypercholesterolemia?
Less than 200 mg.
114
What are some sources of heme iron?
Red meat, poultry, and fish.
115
Fill in the blank: ________ is a condition that can result from insufficient iron intake.
Anemia
116
What is a common dietary source of non-heme iron?
Legumes, nuts, and leafy green vegetables.
117
True or False: Regular physical activity can help manage both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
True.
118
What is the role of carbohydrates in the diet of someone with diabetes?
They provide energy and need to be managed carefully.
119
What type of diet is often recommended to lower cholesterol?
A heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
120
What is the function of insulin in the body?
To regulate blood glucose levels.
121
Fill in the blank: Individuals with diabetes should monitor their ________ regularly.
blood glucose levels
122
Which vitamin is essential for the absorption of iron?
Vitamin C.
123
What is a common complication of poorly managed diabetes?
Neuropathy.
124
True or False: All fats are bad for people with diabetes.
False.
125
What is the recommended intake of saturated fats for individuals with hypercholesterolemia?
Less than 7% of total calories.
126
What is a key strategy for managing diabetes through diet?
Balancing carbohydrate intake with insulin administration.
127
Fill in the blank: Anemia is often diagnosed through a ________ test.
blood
128
What dietary change can help lower LDL cholesterol?
Increasing soluble fiber intake.
129
True or False: Drinking alcohol is recommended for individuals with diabetes.
False; it should be consumed in moderation and with caution.
130
What is the importance of meal timing for individuals with diabetes?
Helps to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
131
What is lactose intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products.
132
True or False: Individuals with coeliac disease can consume gluten without any issues.
False
133
Fill in the blank: Individuals who are lactose intolerant may experience symptoms such as ______ after consuming dairy.
bloating, gas, diarrhea
134
What is the primary dietary restriction for individuals with coeliac disease?
Gluten
135
Which food groups should be avoided by someone with lactose intolerance?
Milk, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products.
136
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a safe alternative for lactose-intolerant individuals? A) Cow's milk B) Almond milk C) Goat cheese
B) Almond milk
137
What nutrient is often lacking in the diets of individuals with coeliac disease due to gluten restriction?
Fiber
138
True or False: Lactose-free dairy products are suitable for those who are lactose intolerant.
True
139
What is a common symptom of coeliac disease?
Abdominal pain
140
Short answer: Name one fortified food that can help meet calcium needs for lactose-intolerant individuals.
Fortified plant-based milk
141
Adult Female DRV's Energy
2000kcal
142
Adult Female DRV's Fat
No more than 78g (or 35% food energy)
143
Adult Female DRV's Saturated fat
No more than 24g (or 11% food energy)
144
Adult Female DRV's Carbohydrate
At least 267g (or 50% food energy)
145
Adult Female DRV's Free sugars
No more than 27g (or 5% food energy)
146
Adult Female DRV's Protein
45g
147
Adult Female DRV's Fibre
30g
148
Adult Female DRV's Salt
No more than 6g
149
Adult Male DRV's Energy
Around 2500kcal
150
Adult Male DRV's Fat
No more than 97g
151
Adult Male DRV's Saturated fat
No more than 31g
152
Adult Male DRV's Carbohydrate
At least 333g
153
Adult Male DRV's Free sugars
No more than 33g
154
Adult Male DRV's Fibre
30g
155
Adult Male DRV's Salt
No more than 6g
156
What are smaller mineral requirements measured in milligrams or micrograms called?
They are known as trace elements.
157
How are most minerals absorbed in the body?
Most minerals are absorbed by the bloodstream.
158
What is vital for patients with Type 1 Diabetes?
It is vital to balance the intake of insulin with foods containing carbohydrates to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia and maintain blood glucose levels within acceptable limits.
159
What dietary approach helps Type 1 Diabetes patients?
Eating a balanced diet will help maintain long-term health and reduce the risk of developing complications.
160
What is essential for managing Type 2 Diabetes?
Dietary modification is essential to reduce insulin resistance and restore blood glucose levels.
161
How can weight loss affect Type 2 Diabetes?
Weight loss can improve the condition in some patients.
162
What is recommended for patients with both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
Patients are recommended to follow the dietary guidelines for the whole population.
163
Is it necessary to purchase special diabetic food products?
It is not necessary to purchase special diabetic food products made by some manufacturers.
164
What is Hypercholesterolemia?
Hypercholesterolemia is the condition of having too much cholesterol in the blood, which significantly increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD).
165
What type of diet is recommended for managing cholesterol levels?
A healthy, balanced diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats should be followed.
166
What are phytochemicals found in plant foods that help lower cholesterol?
Plant foods often contain natural phytochemicals called stanols and sterols, which have a similar molecular structure to cholesterol.
167
How do stanols and sterols affect cholesterol absorption?
When stanols and sterols travel through the intestinal tract, they compete with cholesterol and prevent some of it from being absorbed, leading to lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in the blood.
168
What is recommended to increase in the diet to manage cholesterol levels?
It is recommended to increase the amount of plant foods in the diet.
169
What type of iron is more easily absorbed?
Iron from animal sources (heme iron) is more easily absorbed than non-heme iron from plants.
170
What is recommended for optimal iron absorption?
A combination of both heme and non-heme iron sources is recommended, along with adequate intakes of vitamin C to aid iron absorption.
171
What are some symptoms of anemia?
Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, brittle nails, pale skin, weakness, and headaches.
172
What does 'Halal' mean in Arabic?
'Allowed' ## Footnote Refers to what is permissible in Islamic law.
173
What are the requirements for Halal slaughter?
1. The animal must be alive and healthy. 2. The animal must be given water prior to slaughter. 3. Pork is forbidden. 4. The neck must be severed with a razor-sharp knife in a single swipe. 5. All flowing blood must be drained from the carcass.
174
What does 'Kosher' mean?
'Fit' ## Footnote Refers to food that is permissible in Jewish law.
175
Who performs the Kosher slaughter?
A trained person called a 'shochet' performs the slaughter.
176
What is the method of Kosher slaughter?
The shochet uses a long, razor-sharp knife to render the animal insensible to pain with a single cut. ## Footnote No prayer is said during this process.

A Level Food Science (5 decks)

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