2.2 Carbohydrates

Question 1

How many covalent bonds does carbon form?

Answer 1

4

Question 2

What is the importance of carbon being able to form 4 covalent bonds?

Answer 2

It allows for the formation of diverse and stable compounds.

Question 3

What is the relationship between length of carbon-carbon chains and stability?

Answer 3

longer chain = more stability

Question 4

What is condensation reaction?

Answer 4

When two molecules bond through the loss of a water molecule.

Question 5

What is hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 5

breaking chemical bonds by adding water.

Question 6

What is a dimer?

Answer 6

two identical molecules bonded together

Question 7

What are polymers?

Answer 7

long chains of monomers

Question 8

what are monomers?

Answer 8

building blocks of polymers

Question 9

what are some examples of monomers?

Answer 9

• monosaccharides
• amino acids
• nucleotides

Question 10

what are the two groups carbohydrates can be classified as?

Answer 10

sugars + starch

Question 11

What is the structure of sugars?

Answer 11

small - made up of one or two units

Question 12

What is the structure of starch?

Answer 12

large - made up of many units

Question 13

which one of the two groups of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide?

Answer 13

sugar

Question 14

which one of the two groups of carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?

Answer 14

starch

Question 15

what are saccharides?

Answer 15

monomers that make up carbs

Question 16

what are isomers?

Answer 16

compounds that have the same chemical formula but different chemical structures

Question 17

what is an example of isomers?

Answer 17

alpha + beta glucose

Question 18

What are the properties of glucose?

Answer 18

• two isomers
• soluble in water
• stable
• can be oxidised

Question 19

why is glucose soluble?

Answer 19

it is polar

Question 20

why is glucose polar?

Answer 20

has several polar -OH (hydroxyl) functional groups

Question 21

What is an example of where glucose’s soluble property is used?

Answer 21

dissolves in plasma of blood and can be transported easily

Question 22

why is glucose stable?

Answer 22

-OH (hydroxyl) groups situated in the axial regions

Question 23

Why is glucose a cyclic molecule?

Answer 23

its atoms are connected to form a ring

Question 24

what is the structure of maltose?

Answer 24

• two alpha glucose -1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 25

what is the structure of sucrose?

Answer 25

- alpha glucose + fructose - 1,2 glycosidic bond

Question 26

what is the structure of lactose?

Answer 26

- glucose + galactose - 1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 27

what is the bonding of amylose?

Answer 27

1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 28

what is the bonding of amylopectin?

Answer 28

1,4 + 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 29

what is the bonding of glycogen?

Answer 29

1,4 + 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 30

what is the bonding of cellulose?

Answer 30

1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 31

what is fiber also known as?

Answer 31

cellulose

Question 32

what are glycoproteins?

Answer 32

proteins with carbohydrates attached

Question 33

what are antigens?

Answer 33

Antigens are markers on cells that the immune system uses to recognize them.

Question 34

what type of antigen would type A blood have?

Answer 34

antigen A

Question 35

what type of antibodies would blood type A have?

Answer 35

Anti-B

Question 36

Name the bond that forms between polysaccharides

Answer 36

glycosidic bonds

Question 37

What is glycogen and its role?

Answer 37

A branched polymer that acts as the primary glucose storage molecule in animals.

Question 38

What is the structure of glycogen and why is that important?

Answer 38

Highly branched which allows it to be compact and efficient for storage. It has free sugars at the end so it can hydrolysed to provide quick energy.

Question 39

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 39

Single sugars

Question 40

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 40

Many sugars linked.

Question 41

What is starch?

Answer 41

A plant polysaccharide made of glucose.