2.2 Electrons, Bonding and Structure (completed) Flashcards
2.2.1 Electron structure 2.2.2 Bonding and structure (53 cards)
Shells are regarded as what?
Energy levels
What happens to energy as the shell number increases?
Energy increases
What are shells made up of?
Orbitals
How many electrons can be held in an orbital?
One or two, no more.
What are the different orbitals?
S-orbitals
P-orbitals
D-orbitals
F-orbitals
How many electrons does each sub shell contain?
S - two
P - six
D - ten
F - fourteen
(+four)What is the shape of an s-orbital?
Spherical
What is the shape of a p-orbital?
Dumbell
What are the rules of orbital fillings?
Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy.
Orbitals with the same energy are occupied singly first then pair up with opposite spins.
Where does this rule cause confusion for 3d and 4s?
The 3d sub-shell has higher energy than the 4s.
So the 4s fills before the 3d. Then when the 4s fills up it takes higher energy level than the 3d, so the 4s loses electrons first.
How do electrons pair up in orbitals?
They have opposite spins and so this counteracts the repulsion
How can electron configuration be shortened?
1s2 can be expressed as [He]
1s2 2s2 2p6 can be expressed as [Ne]
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 can be expressed as [Ar]
What is the definition of first ionisation energy?
The amount of energy needed to remove one mole of electrons
from each atom in one mole
of an element in the gaseous state
Why do successive ionisation energies increase?
Each one is closer to the nucleus each time so requires more energy as there is a greater inbalance of positive and negative charges which requires more energy to overcome
How many electrons can each shell hold?
1- 2 electrons
2- 8 electrons
3- 18 electrons
4- 32 electrons
What is an orbital?
A region of space within an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins
How are electrons removed?
From the highest occupied orbitals down removing 4s before 3d
How do you know what block each element is in from their electronic structure?
The block is what sub shell the outer electrons are in
What is meant by the term ionic bond?
Attraction between oppositely charged ions
What happens in ionic bonding?
A metal bonds with a non-metal due to the metal atom donating one or more electrons to the non-metal creating two ions
What is the shape of an ionic compound?
Giant ionic lattice
Why do ionic compounds have a high melting and boiling point?
Ionic bonds are strong due to the attraction between anions and cations
When does an ionic compounds conduct electricity and why?
Conducts when in a solution or molten but not when in solid phase
Moving charges are able to carry a current
Are ionic compounds soluble in polar solvents?
Yes due to the charged particles being attracted and separated by polar solvent particles
