2.2 Inflammation Flashcards
(41 cards)
What encapsulates the body’s FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
- non-specific mechanism (general)
- mechanical barriers (skin/mucous membranes)
- body secretions (saliva, tears)
What are the functions of MECHANICAL BARRIERS
Block entry of bacteria/harmful substances
What are the functions of BODY SECRETIONS
Contain enzymes/chemicals that inactivate/destroy potentially damaging material
What encapsulates the body’s SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
- non-specific
- phagocytosis
- INFLAMMATION
What is PHAGOSYTOSIS
Neutrophils & Macrophages engulf & destroy bacteria, cell debris, foreign matter
What is INFLAMMATION
- Protective response at the SITE of injury
- A sequence of events intended to localize & remove injury & dangerous agents inside body
- inflammation = sign of potential problem hidden in body
What encapsulates the body’s THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
- SPECIFIC
- Immune response
What is an IMMUNE RESPONSE
Provides protection by simulating
- unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes
following exposure to specific substances
What are the THREE PURPOSES of inflammatory response?
- neutralize + destroy harmful, invading agents
- limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue
- prepare damaged tissue for repair
What suffix = INFLAMMATION?
- ITIS
i. e. pancreatitis: inflammation of pancreas
i. e. apendicitis: inflammation of the appendix
i. e. laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx
What causes inflammation?
- direct physical damage (cuts, sprains, SURGERY, TRAUMA)
- CAUSTIC CHEMICALS (acids, drain cleaners)
- ISCHEMIA (inadequate blood supply)
- allergic reaction
- WEATHER/TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
- foreign bodies
- infection
What is the PROCESS OF INFLAMMATION (?)
- Injury
- Endothelial binding of neutrophils & macrophages
- Vasoactive (enlarge blood vessels) chemicals → 3. Vasodilation
- Chemokines (attract WBC to infection site) - Emigration of neutrophils & macrophages into tissue
- Phagocytosis (injection of bacteria)
What causes the severity of inflammation to vary?
specific cause & duration of exposure
What are the local effects of inflammation?
- REDNESS (rubor) - capillary dilation = increased blood flow
- SWELLING/EDEMA (tumor) - shift of proteins (increased permeability) & fluid
- HEAT (calor) - increased fluid pressure
- PAIN (dolor)
- loss of function (functio laesa)
What are the systemic effects of inflammation
- mild FEVER (pyrexia)
- FATIGUE/MALAISE
- HEADACHE
- ANOREXIA (lessened appetite)/WEIGHT LOSS
What causes fever?
- PYROGENS
- circulate in blood - trigger HYPOTHALAMUS (maintains temperature) to reset to a higher temp
What are compensatory mechanisms?
responses to pyrogens & production of fever to INCREASE BODY TEMP
- shivering
- vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
- increase in basal metabolic rate
Define INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES
- any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into the lesion/area of inflammation
- leaks out of blood vessels & into nearby tissue
- can be pus-like or clear
What are the functions of INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES?
- Transport leukocytes (WBC) & antibodies
- Dilute toxins & irritants
- Transport nutrients for tissue repair
What are the different types of INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES
- SEROUS - watery, primarily fluid, some proteins & wbc’s
- SANGUINOUS - bloody
- SEROSANGUINOUS - mostly serous w/ some red blood cells
- FIBRINOUS - thick, sticky, high cell & fibrin
- PURULENT - (pus) thick, yellow-green, leucocytes, cell debris, microorganisms
T/F
The BLOOD does not change during INFLAMMATION
False
changes in the blood occur during inflammation
What are the changes in blood that occur with inflammation?
- LEUKOCYTOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
- PLASMA PROTEINS
- INCREASED C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
- INCREASED ESR
- CELL ENZYMES
Define LEUKOCYTOSIS
- increase in WBC
- allows for neutrophils to go to injured area and engulf (phagocytose) invading agents
Define C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
- not normally in blood
- used as inflammatory marker
- appears with acute inflammation & necrosis
