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AS History > 2.2 International Tensions 1920-1923 > Flashcards

2.2 International Tensions 1920-1923 Flashcards

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1
Q

Did the USA ratify the Paris Peace Settlement?

A

No

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2
Q

Give the main reason why the USA didn’t ratify the Paris Peace Settlement.

A

They didn’t want to be dragged into another war, especially one across the ocean from them.

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3
Q

Why was Russia not invited to the Paris Peace Conference?

A

Fear of spread of communism and Russia’s Bolshevik government.

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4
Q

Who led the Fascist movement in Italy?

A

Benito Mussolini.

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5
Q

When did Mussolini rule Italy?

A

1922-1943

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6
Q

How did Mussolini go against the PPS?

A

Tried to gain more territories.

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7
Q

What policy did the US Democratic senators favor?

A

Internationalism.

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8
Q

What policy did the US Republican senators favor?

A

Isolationism.

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9
Q

What was isolationism for the USA?

A

Keeping out of international affairs unless it directly impacts the USA.

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10
Q

Which party had the majority in the US Senate when Wilson was president?

A

Republicans.

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11
Q

Why does the USA favor isolationism?

A

They don’t want another war.

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12
Q

Where did Britain focus on relations post-WW1?

A

Australia
Canada
New Zealand

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13
Q

When does the USA make a separate peace with Germany?

A

1921

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14
Q

Give three reasons why France felt vulnerable in the early 1920s.

A
  1. Britain focusing outside Europe.
  2. Russia no longer an ally for France since becoming Communist.
  3. USA not in LoN or able to guarantee protection.
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15
Q

Why do European countries fear Communism?

A

Communism is built on class revolution which would destroy the elites and governments of countries.

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16
Q

How do outside nations interfere in Russia’s civil war?

A

Europe and Japan aid the White Russians who oppose the Bolsheviks in order to prevent the Bolsheviks (Communism) from taking power in Russia.

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17
Q

What was the cycle of loans and reparations after WW1?

A

USA loaned Britain and France money to finance them during the war.
Britain and France need reparations from Germany in order to pay back the USA.
Germany needs loans from the USA in order to pay reparations to Britain and France.

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18
Q

What were the two main things that caused German hyperinflation?

A

Repaying debts.
Meeting reparations.

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19
Q

What was the dollar-mark exchange rate in Germany in early 1921?

A

$1 = 90 marks

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20
Q

What was the dollar-mark exchange rate in Germany in November 1923?

A

$1 = 4.2 trillion marks

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21
Q

How did the Weimar government in Germany try to fix the hyperinflation?

A

By printing more money.

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22
Q

Did printing more money help German hyperinflation?

A

No, it only made it worse.

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23
Q

Who occupied the Ruhr?

A

France and Belgium.

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24
Q

When was the Ruhr occupied?

A

1923

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25
What value did the Ruhr region have for Germany?
Very important industrial region.
26
Why did France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr?
Germany was not meeting reparations requirements. France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr to take timber and coal as payment.
27
What did the German government order in response to the occupation of the Ruhr?
Passive resistance.
28
How effective was passive resistance in Germany during the Ruhr occupation?
Not very. It destroyed the German economy and made inflation worse.
29
What was the benefit of passive resistance for Germany during the Ruhr occupation?
France and Belgium mostly failed to seize goods.
30
Why did France and Britain have a strained relationship post-WW1?
Different attitudes towards German recovery.
31
How did Britain view German economic recovery?
As vital to helping the global economy as well as giving them another trading partner.
32
How did France view German economic recovery?
Wanted to keep Germany as weak as possible.
33
How is the financial situation in Italy following WW1?
Not good.
34
What causes inflation in Italy post-WW1?
Repaying war debts.
35
Why does unemployment rise in Italy following WW1? [2]
- 2 million soldiers return home looking for jobs - Most war production is ceased causing many people to lose their jobs
36
When were the trade union strikes in Italy?
1919 and 1920
37
What did the trade union strikes in Italy turn into?
Rioting and looting where the workers took control of factories.
38
When does the Italian Communist Party form?
1921
39
When is the Italian National Fascist Party founded?
1919
40
Who founded the Italian National Fascist Party?
Benito Mussolini
41
What sort of reputation does the Italian National Fascist Party gain?
One of violence (especially against communism).
42
What are 5 groups of people that feared communism in Italy?
Industrialists Landowners Association Middle-class property owners Roman Catholic Church King Victor Emmanuel III
43
What does the Communist Party call for in 1922?
A general strike.
44
What are Mussolini's aims for Italy once he comes to power and makes Italy the world's first fascist state?
To make Italy 'great, respected, and feared'.
45
Which country's troops occupied the port of Fiume?
Italy
46
When did Italian troops occupy the port of Fiume?
March 1923
47
What was Fiume supposed to be according to the Paris Peace Agreement?
A Free City.
48
When is the LoN border dispute between Greece and Albania?
August 1923
49
Why does Mussolini become angry at Greece after the LoN border dispute between Greece and Albania?
4 Italians were killed and Mussolini holds Greece responsible.
50
When does Italy occupy Corfu?
1923
51
How does Turkey challenge the PPS?
By taking back land in 1922 that was given to Greece. (Smyrna and parts of Anatolia).
52
When was the Washington Naval Conference?
1921-22
53
Which nations were present at the Washington Naval Conference?
USA Britain France Japan Italy Belgium China Portugal The Netherlands
54
Who signed the Five Power Treaty?
USA, Britain, France, Japan, Italy
55
What 4 things did the Five Power Treaty entail?
1) Japan to withdraw from parts of China 2) Japanese navy limited at 3/5 the size of Britain and the USA's navies 3) Western powers cannot create new naval bases near Japan 4) Warship tonnage limited (500k:300k:175k)
56
Who signed the Four Power Treaty?
USA, Britain, France, Japan
57
What two things did the Four Power Treaty entail?
1) Respect rights in Far East and Pacific 2) Resolve by negotiation instead of military in future
58
What previous alliance was ended by the Four Power Treaty?
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902
59
Why was Britian embarrassed by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance now?
- No longer a naval rivalry with Germany - Would have to back Japan in USA-Japan conflict
60
Who signed the Nine Power Treaty?
All powers at the WNC
61
What two things did the Nine Power Treaty concern?
1) Protection for China against invasion 2) Uphold 'open door' policy in China
62
When was the Genoa Conference?
10 April - 19 May 1922
63
How many countries were at the Genoa Conference?
30
64
Who suggested the Genoa Conference?
David Lloyd George
65
Which two countries were surprisingly invited to the Genoa Conference?
Germany and Russia
66
What was the focus of the Genoa Conference?
Helping Europe's post-war economy.
67
Why did the Genoa Conference fail?
The USA didn't attend Germany withdrew Russia withdrew
68
Why didn't the USA attend the Genoa Conference?
Still isolationist
69
Why did Germany withdraw from the Genoa Conference?
France refused to compromise over reparations.
70
Why did Russia withdraw from the Genoa Conference?
Took the opportunity to improve relations with Germany.
71
When was the Rapallo Pact?
16th April 1922
72
Who was the Rapallo Pact between?
Germany and Russia.
73
What did Germany gain from the Rapallo Pact?
Able to build German factories in Russia to manufacture weapons. Military training in Russia for former German soldiers.
74
What did Russia gain from the Rapallo Pact?
Advanced their technology by learning from Germany.
75
When was the Treaty of Lausanne?
July 24, 1923
76
Why was the Treaty of Lausanne signed?
The Treaty of Sevres was never ratified. Kemal's gov't rejected the Treaty of Sevres, and demanded a new treaty.
77
Which borders did the Treaty of Lausanne settle?
Greece Turkey Bulgaria
78
What two things did the Treaty of Lausanne do (other than settle borders)?
Recognize Turkish independence with Mustafa Kemal as Head of State. Turkey no longer had to pay reparations.
79

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