2.2 Resit Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Learning
A
A conscious process of accumulating knowledge
2
Q
Acquiring
A
the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally
3
Q
Linguistics
A
learning about the language
4
Q
Language Skills
A
Acquiring the language
5
Q
Phonetics: British English has how many symbols?
A
44 symbols
6
Q
Phonetics: American English has how many symbols?
A
40 symbols
7
Q
Phoneme
A
A phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
For example: ph - o - n - e - m(e) = 5 phonemes
8
Q
Vowels are produced with…
A
No obstruction to the escape of air through the mouth
Vibration of the vocal cords
9
Q
Vowels are represented in spelling by….
A
a - e - i - o - u and sometimes Y
10
Q
Examples of Vowels
A
knee = ee /i:/ goose = oo /u:/
11
Q
Consonants are produced with…
A
Various types of obstruction to the airflow
Produced with or without vibration of the vocal cords
12
Q
Consonant examples
A
boat= b /b/ and t /t/
13
Q
Varieties of English
Give examples of varieties (7)
A
African American English, Australian English, American English, Indian English (South Asian English), Irish English, Jamaican English (Caribbean English), South African English
14
Q
If you look at varieties what conclusions can you draw?
A
- Each variety has its own qualities/characteristics
- Context decides with variety is asked for
- There is not one standard English
- Varieties are different, not better than one another
15
Q
Characteristics of: African American English
A
No third person singular -s
She buy some every day
He like it, do he?
16
Q
Characteristics of: Indian English
A
Retroflex thrilled /r/
/v/ - /w/ merging
17
Q
Characteristics of: Jamaican English
A
No plural s in nouns
the woman bake a cake, the girl bake a cake
Me instead of I in coordinate subjects
No gender distinction in third person singular
18
Q
Characteristics of: South African English
A
Use of all purpose response question ‘is it?’
/r/ is not pronounced in syllable-final position
19
Q
What are the tenses?
A
Present and Past
20
Q
What are the aspects of the tenses?
A
Present Simple,
Present Progressive,
Past Simple,
Past Progressive,
Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Progressive,
Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Progressive
21
Q
What is the Present Simple?
A
I walk, I work, I play
I wash the car.
= for timeless truths, permanent situations and things that happen regularly
22
Q
What is the Present Progressive?
A
I am walking, I am eating, We are going.
I am washing the car.
= repeated actions and events happening around the present
23
Q
What is the Past Simple?
A
-ed is simple
- Walked
- I saw a movie, I walked, She washed
I washed the car.
= For longer situations quickly finished actions and repeated events in the past
24
Q
What is the Past Progressive?
A
- Was walking
I was washing the car.
= temporary actions were in progress around a particular past time
25
What is the Present Perfect Simple?
Has lived, Have written, Has done
= a finished action that is connected with the present in some way (usually with words that mean at/some/anytime/up to now
26
What is the Present Perfect Progressive?
```
Have been, Has been + -ing
- Have been walking
- I have been living in this house
- We have been working out
I have been washing the car
```
= To look back over repeated actions which started in the past and are still going on
27
What is the Past Perfect Simple?
After Sofie had finished her work, she went to lunch.
I washed the floor when the painter had gone
= Earlier past
28
What is the Past Perfect Progressive?
had been + when
- Had been walking
- I had been working at the company for five years when I got the promotion.
I had been washing the car.
= to say how long something had been happening up to a past moment
29
Future with going to:
- The sky is very black. Its going to snow.
- Its 8.30, you're going to miss your train.
= To make prediction, talk about future plans
30
Future with will:
- I will meet him later
- You will come
- She will be late
= To talk about the future, give or ask information about the future
31
Future progressive:
Will + Be + -ing
- The children will be walking to school
- Your students will be coming soon
= Indicate a future event that will be ongoing
32
Future with present simple:
- I start work at 8 tomorrow
- I'm playing football tomorrow
= Future even that is scheduled (timetable, written in diary etc.)
33
Future with present progressive (continuous):
Will be + ing
- In two months I will be eating a plant based diet
- In a year, he will be asking for forgiveness
= Personal arrangements and fixed plans that have been decided,
Indicated that something WILL occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time
34
Future with perfect simple:
Will have + ed
- Shannon will have gardened by then
- We will have met Julie
= Indicates a future event that has a definitive end date
35
Future with perfect progressive:
Will + have + been + ing
- She will have been living in Ireland for heten years at that point
- If its midnight, he will have been sleeping for hours by then
- When our parents get married, I will have been singing professionally for over a year
= Two time expressions: one specifying time in the future and one stating the length of the activity
36
Tense and Aspect: What is Tense? And the versions (2)
A time frame.
Present and Past tense
37
Tense and Aspect: What is aspect?
How we see the event: completion, frequency, repetition or not and duration
38
Tense and Aspect: What is the Present tense?
Things happening in the present.
- The king of the Netherlands Is Willem Alexander
= Non progressive verbs to refer to states
39
Tense and Aspect: What is the Past Tense
Things happening in the past.
She got into trouble several times
= for longer situations, quickly finished actions and repeated events in the past.
40
What is the continuous aspect or present continuous?
I am reading a book
41
What is the continuous aspect of past continuous?
I was reading a book when the phone rang
42
What is the Perfect aspect?
I have lied here for two years,
| I had finished the report when he arrived
43
State verbs consist of....
A State and an Action
44
Name a few state verbs
Thoughts and opinions = I think that's a good idea
Feelings and emotions = I love this song!
Senses and perceptions = He seems to be a kind person
Possessions = She owns two houses and a caravan
45
State verbs with Actions DO
State: What do you do for a living?
Action: What re you doing (explaining your actions)
46
State verbs with Actions TASTE
State: This soup tastes great!
Action: Look! The chef is tasting the soup.
47
What are realisations?
The difference between a phrase and a clause
48
What are phrases? (5)
```
It is used as a single part of a speech
Examples:
Noun Phrase (NP)
Verb Phrase (VP)
Adjective Phrase (AdjP)
Adverb Phrase (AdvP)
Prepositional Phrase (PP)
```
49
Phrase Analysis: NP
| What are the three functions?
Determiners: words that introduce the head
Head: The most important word
Modifiers: Words that give additional information about the quality of the head
50
Give examples of Determiners
Ask which? > answer
Which book? That book. That is a determiner
Which countries? both countries. Both is a determiner
Determiners only come BEFORE the head noun
51
Give examples of modifiers?
Ask what kind of > answer. It describes the quality of the noun.
What kinda of car? > my NEW car
What kinda of students? > ADVANCED students
What kind of names? EXTREMELY FUNNY names
52
How to determine the kind of phrase?
1. Find the head (=most important word)
2. Determine the word class of the head
3. Word class decides type of phrase
53
Which verb categories (word classes) do you specify?
Lexical Verb
Copula Verb
Primary Auxiliary
Modal Auxiliary
54
What are the lexical verbs?
TO
| to walk, to talk, to decide etc
55
What are the Copula verbs?
TO
| to be, to become, to look
56
What are the Primary Auxiliary?
have, do, be
57
What are the Modal Auxiliary?
can, could, may, must, might, will etc.
58
Which verb forms do you specify? (2)
Finite and Non-Finite
59
What are the finite verbs?
When the first verb in VP changes, for example could
Raman tries to sing.
We try to sing.
They try to sing.
I have tried to sing
Verb 'try' has changed according to the changed in person, number and tense of the subject
60
What are the non finite verbs?
A verb that does not show time or a verb which is not limited by number, person.
Raman tries to sing.
We try to sing.
They try to sing.
the verb 'sing' has remains unchanged in spite of numerous person and tense.
61
Types of non-finite:
Infinitive: to walk
Gerund: acts like nouns, ends in =ing, skiing, reading, dancing, singing
Present Participle: used as an adjective or adverb. -ing form writing signing, raising
Past participle: walked, written, sung, raised
62
How to we check whether it is non finite or finite?
Non finite doesn't change when the tense or number changes
such as giving and asking
Finite changes when the tense changes
such as are and will or have
63
Realizations (phrases and functions): Pulp fiction / is / totally overrated
S:NP / V:VP/ SC:AdjP
64
Name the sentences? (3)
Simple sentence
Complex sentence
Compound sentence
65
What is a simple sentence?
A sentence in which each function is realised by a phrase
66
What is a complex sentence?
A sentence in which one or more of the functions are realised by dependent clauses
67
What do we call a sentence with a dependent clause?
A complex sentence
uses subordinating conjunctions and non finite verbs
68
When is something an independent clause?
When sentences can stand on their own, because of the coordinating conjunction.
Finite verbs
The hero always does it AND it always ends badly
69
What do we call a sentence with independent clause?
Compound sentence
70
What are the coordinating conjunctions?
FANBOYS
| FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO
71
What are the subordinating conjunction?
When, before, that, because, as soon as, since, before etc.
72
What is the sentence?
| John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant
Simple sentence
73
What is the sentence?
| He understood little about the situation
Simple sentence
74
What is the sentence?
| I had scarcely finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the exam
Complex
75
Name the Functions (7)
```
Subject (S)
Verb (V)
Direct Object (DO)
Indirect Object (IO)
Subject Complement (SC)
Object Complement (OC)
Adverbial (A)
```
76
Functions: What is the subject?
first participant, the person/thing performing the action.
77
How can you find the subject? By asking...
Who or what + verb(s)?
78
Functions: What is the Verb?
it shows the action or state
79
Functions: What is the Direct Object?
second participant, the person/thing receiving the action.
80
How can you find the Direct Object (DO)?
| By asking...
Subject + verb(s) + what?
81
Functions: What is the Indirect Object? (IO)
third participant, the person or thing that receives the effect of the action of a verb with two objects.
82
How can you find the Indirect Object (IO)?
| By asking...
Subject + verb(s) + direct object + to whom or for whom
83
Functions: What is the Subject Complement?
says something about the subject(first participant), it identifies or characterizes the subject:
84
How can you find the Subject Complement (SC)?
Subject + verb(s) + what
85
Functions: What is the Object Complement (OC)?
says something about the second participant, it identifies or character sized the direct object.
86
How can you find the Object Complement (OC)?
ask verb(s) + subject + direct object + what?
87
Functions: What is the Adverbial (A)?
describes the setting, it gives information about place, time, manner, frequency reason why, etc.
88
How can you find the Adverbial (A)?
where/when/how/why etc.
89
Sentence analysis consist of 7 realisations. Which are they?
Phrases 5 and Clauses 2 (Finite and non finite clauses)
90
What are the content words?
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
91
What are the function words?
articles, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns
92
What are nouns?
words to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, qualities, phenomena, things
93
What are articles?
A, An, The
94
What are adjectives?
Nouns to provide information about the things referred to
| tall small ugly etc.
95
What are Verbs?
to refer to actions (talk, go) or states (be, have)
96
What are adverbs?
used with verbs to give more information about
actions (slowly)
states and events (yesterday, tomorrow)
seriously, madly, quickly, often, here, there, soon etc.
97
What are Prepositions?
Used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections.
in, on, under, with, without etc.
98
What are pronouns?
She her it we you they me him her us
99
What are Conjunctions?
Used to make connections and indicate relationships between events
and, but, or for when before, since until
100
When is something a Phrase?
When a word/group of words with a head but with no subject and verb
101
When is something a clause?
When a group of words with a subject and verb, but no head
102
What is a relative pronoun?
who, whom, whose, which, that
103
A Relative pronoun can be the...... in a relative clause.
Subject or Object of verbs
The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
that refers to the umbrella (object of the verb in the relative clause)
104
Wat is a conditional sentence?
Conditional sentences connect two things: a condition and a result.
Something happens as a result of something else, or happens only if a certain condition is met
105
What are the four types of conditionals?
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
106
What is the Zero conditional?
"If you heat water enough, it boils."
This refers to any time you heat water enough.
107
What is the First conditional?
"If you heat that water enough, it'll boil."
This is about a likely result of a specific present or future action.
108
What is the Second conditional?
"If you heated that water enough, it would boil."
This is about a possible future result of an imagined present or future action.
109
What is the Third conditional?
"If you had heated that water enough, it would have boiled. "
This is about an imagined past result of a past event that didn't actually happen.
110
When does the zero conditional happen?
Any time
| probability 100%
111
When does the first conditional happen?
future
| probability is 50%
112
When does the second conditional happen?
future
| probability is also 10%
113
When does the third conditional happen?
past, probability is also zero
114
Wat is connected speech?
Connected speech often leads to a faster, less careful delivery → words run into each other.
115
What are modals?
Can, could, should, must, might, will, allowed to, have to, ought to
116
What is Elision?
It is the omission of sounds, syllables or words in speech.
when a /t/ or /d/ sound is between two consonant sounds
117
Give examples of Elision
'I don't know' /I duno/ ,
/kamra/ for camera
kept going
kepgoing
118
What is assimilation in alveolar?
flaT
gooD
meaN
crediT
harD
dreSS
/t/ /d/ /n/
119
What is assimilation in bilabial?
```
Boots
Morning
Card
Girl
SHop
/p/ /b/ /m/ /k/
```
120
What is intonation?
The melody of spoken language:
| the way the musical pitch of the voice rises and falls.
121
3 common patterns of Intonation
Input
Falling
Rising
122
What is antepenultimate?
The syllable that comes two before the last in a word.
animal, citizen, comedy, dangerous, obvious
words ending in -cy, -gy, -ty, -phy, -gy
words ending in -al
123
What is the basic rule of forming passives?
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject
The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent
Form of to be + past participle
124
Make this sentence passive:
| Students learn English
English is learned by students
125
Make this passive: He loves me.
I am loved
126
Make this active: The children were taken to the circus.
We took our children to the circus.
