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Question 1

Alkylating Agents

Answer 1

These drugs add alkyl groups to DNA, preventing replication.

Examples include cyclophosphamide and melphalan.

Question 2

Antimetabolites

Answer 2

They mimic natural substances, disrupting DNA and RNA synthesis.

Notable examples are methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil.

Question 3

Antitumor Antibiotics

Answer 3

These interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication.

Examples include doxorubicin and bleomycin.

Question 4

Targeted Therapy Drugs

Answer 4

Designed to interfere with specific molecules involved in tumor growth.

Examples include tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib.

Question 5

Hormone Therapy Drugs

Answer 5

Used to slow or stop the growth of cancers that rely on hormones.

An example is tamoxifen for breast cancer.

Question 6

Immunotherapy Drugs

Answer 6

These enhance the body’s immune system to fight cancer.

Includes immune checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab.

Question 7

Biological Therapy Drugs

Answer 7

Include agents like monoclonal antibodies that target specific antigens on cancer cells.

Question 8

Chemotherapy Drugs

Answer 8

A diverse class of medications designed to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells.

Question 9

Chemotherapy Side Effects

Answer 9

Common side effects include myelosuppression, nausea, hair loss, and mucositis.

Question 10

Mechanism of Action of Chemotherapy

Answer 10

Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells, often affecting healthy ones.

Question 11

Alkylating Agents Mechanism

Answer 11

They work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, causing crosslinking and preventing replication.

Question 12

Alkylating Agents Examples

Answer 12

Examples include cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil.

Question 13

Common Indications for Alkylating Agents

Answer 13

Used for leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and sarcomas.

Question 14

Alkylating Agents Side Effects

Answer 14

Side effects include myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, infertility, and potential secondary cancers.

Question 15

Antimetabolites Mechanism

Answer 15

They disrupt DNA and RNA synthesis by resembling natural substances like nucleotides.

Question 16

Antimetabolites Examples

Answer 16

Examples include methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, and gemcitabine.

Question 17

Common Indications for Antimetabolites

Answer 17

Used for leukemias, breast cancer, head and neck cancers, and colon cancer.

Question 18

Antimetabolites Side Effects

Answer 18

Common side effects include myelosuppression, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, and liver toxicity.

Question 19

Topoisomerase Inhibitors Mechanism

Answer 19

They interfere with enzymes that manage DNA structure, preventing proper DNA unwinding.

Question 20

Topoisomerase Inhibitors Examples

Answer 20

Examples include doxorubicin, etoposide, and irinotecan.

Question 21

Common Indications for Topoisomerase Inhibitors

Answer 21

Used for leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and small-cell lung cancer.

Question 22

Topoisomerase Inhibitors Side Effects

Answer 22

Side effects include cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, alopecia, nausea, and vomiting.

Question 23

Mitotic Inhibitors Mechanism

Answer 23

They disrupt spindle formation during mitosis, leading to cell cycle arrest.

Question 24

Mitotic Inhibitors Examples

Answer 24

Examples include paclitaxel, vincristine, and vinblastine.

Question 25

Common Indications for Mitotic Inhibitors

Answer 25

Used for lymphomas, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and small-cell lung cancer.

Question 26

Mitotic Inhibitors Side Effects

Answer 26

Side effects can include neuropathy, myelosuppression, alopecia, nausea, and vomiting.

Question 27

Antitumor Antibiotics Mechanism

Answer 27

They bind to DNA, disrupting its structure and inhibiting replication and transcription.

Question 28

Antitumor Antibiotics Examples

Answer 28

Examples include bleomycin, dactinomycin, and mitomycin C.

Question 29

Common Indications for Antitumor Antibiotics

Answer 29

Used for Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, and sarcomas.

Question 30

Antitumor Antibiotics Side Effects

Answer 30

Common side effects include pulmonary toxicity, myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, and alopecia.

Question 31

Targeted Therapy Mechanism

Answer 31

These drugs target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival.

Question 32

Targeted Therapy Examples

Answer 32

Examples include imatinib, trastuzumab, and gefitinib.

Question 33

Common Indications for Targeted Therapy

Answer 33

Used for chronic myelogenous leukemia, breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer.

Question 34

Targeted Therapy Side Effects

Answer 34

Side effects may include skin rash, liver toxicity, heart problems, and diarrhea.

Question 35

Immunotherapy Mechanism

Answer 35

It enhances the body's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

Question 36

Immunotherapy Examples

Answer 36

Examples include pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and CAR-T cell therapy.

Question 37

Common Indications for Immunotherapy

Answer 37

Used for melanoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Question 38

Immunotherapy Side Effects

Answer 38

Common side effects include colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and skin rash.

Question 39

Hormonal Therapy Mechanism

Answer 39

Blocks or inhibits hormones to slow the growth of hormone-driven cancers.

Question 40

Hormonal Therapy Examples

Answer 40

Examples include tamoxifen, anastrozole, and leuprolide.

Question 41

Common Indications for Hormonal Therapy

Answer 41

Used for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and prostate cancer.

Question 42

Hormonal Therapy Side Effects

Answer 42

Side effects include hot flashes, risk of blood clots, and bone thinning.

Question 43

Angiogenesis Inhibitors Mechanism

Answer 43

Inhibit the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow.

Question 44

Angiogenesis Inhibitors Examples

Answer 44

Examples include bevacizumab and sorafenib.

Question 45

Common Indications for Angiogenesis Inhibitors

Answer 45

Used for colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.

Question 46

Angiogenesis Inhibitors Side Effects

Answer 46

Side effects may include hypertension, bleeding, and proteinuria.

Question 47

Cytokine Therapy Mechanism

Answer 47

Uses cytokines to enhance the body’s immune response to cancer.

Question 48

Cytokine Therapy Examples

Answer 48

Examples include interferons and interleukins.

Question 49

Common Indications for Cytokine Therapy

Answer 49

Used for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.

Question 50

Cytokine Therapy Side Effects

Answer 50

Common side effects include flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and liver toxicity.

Question 51

Adjuvant Chemotherapy Definition

Answer 51

Chemotherapy that is given after primary treatment to eliminate remaining cancer cells.

Question 52

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Definition

Answer 52

Chemotherapy given before primary treatment to shrink a tumor for more effective surgery.

Question 53

Key Differences: Adjuvant vs. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Answer 53

Adjuvant is post-surgery to prevent recurrence; Neoadjuvant is pre-surgery to reduce tumor size.

Question 54

Factors in Chemotherapy Regimen Determination

Answer 54

Type of cancer, stage, patient's health, drug options, and treatment goals.

Question 55

Chemotherapy Resistance Mechanisms

Answer 55

May include drug efflux pumps, mutations, altered drug targets, and enhanced DNA repair.

Question 56

Carboplatin toxicity