Gonadal

Question 1

Estrogens

Answer 1

A group of sex steroids including estradiol, estrone, and estriol produced by the ovaries and placenta, playing significant roles in female reproductive physiology.

Question 2

Progestogens

Answer 2

A class of hormones that includes progesterone, primarily responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy.

Question 3

Androgens

Answer 3

Male sex hormones that play a role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 4

Estradiol E2

Answer 4

The principal estrogen in premenopausal women; most potent and produced by the ovary.

Question 5

Estrone E1

Answer 5

A metabolite of estradiol; has one-third the potency of estradiol and is the primary circulating estrogen after menopause.

Question 6

Estriol E3

Answer 6

A metabolite of estradiol found in significant amounts during pregnancy; produced by the placenta.

Question 7

Synthetic estrogen analogs

Answer 7

Have prolonged action and higher potency compared to natural estrogens, such as ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, and estradiol valerate.

Question 8

Mechanism of Action of Estrogens

Answer 8

Estrogens dissociate from SHBG, enter cells, bind to nuclear receptors, form receptor-hormone complexes, and affect gene expression.

Question 9

Clinical Use of Estrogens

Answer 9

Used for hormone replacement therapy, contraceptive purposes, and managing symptoms of menopause.

Question 10

Common Side Effects of Estrogens

Answer 10

Nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, thromboembolism, and risk of endometrial cancer.

Question 11

Major Progestin in Humans

Answer 11

Progesterone is the major progestin responsible for the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for implantation.

Question 12

Preparations of Progestins

Answer 12

Available in several forms including oral, transdermal, injection, implants, and vaginal forms.

Question 13

Effects of Progesterone

Answer 13

Maintains uterine lining, prevents spontaneous uterine contractions, supports breast development, and increases body temperature.

Question 14

Clinical Uses of Progestins

Answer 14

Contraception, hormone replacement therapy, supporting pregnancy, and treating endometriosis.

Question 15

Hormonal Contraceptives

Answer 15

Include combination oral contraceptives (COCP) and progestin-only pills (POP), used to prevent pregnancy.

Question 16

Indications for COCP

Answer 16

Used for primary hypogonadism, acne, hirsutism, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis.

Question 17

Contraindications for COCP

Answer 17

History of thromboembolic disease, estrogen-dependent neoplasms, liver disease, hypertension, and diabetes.

Question 18

Progestin-only Pills (POP)

Answer 18

Less effective than COCP and recommended for breastfeeding women or those intolerant to estrogen.

Question 19

Mechanism of Action of Contraceptives

Answer 19

Change cervical mucus, alter uterine endometrium and inhibit ovulation through hormonal feedback.

Question 20

Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives

Answer 20

Include breast tenderness, headache, fluid retention, thromboembolism, and alterations in lipid metabolism.

Question 21

Drug Interactions with COCP

Answer 21

Certain enzyme inducers and antibiotics can interfere with COCP absorption and effectiveness.

Question 22

Long-acting contraceptive forms

Answer 22

Include injectable medroxyprogesterone, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, and intrauterine devices.

Question 23

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Answer 23

Involves the administration of low doses of estrogen, with or without progestogens, to alleviate menopausal symptoms.

Question 24

Risks Associated with HRT

Answer 24

Increased risk of thromboembolism, heart disease, and cancers of the endometrium and breast.

Question 25

Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

Answer 25

Tamoxifen, Clomiphene, Raloxifene, which selectively modulate estrogen receptors in various tissues.

Question 26

Uses of Tamoxifen

Answer 26

Palliative treatment for hormone-sensitive breast cancer and to reduce breast cancer risk in high-risk patients.

Question 27

Clomiphene

Answer 27

Used for inducing ovulation but may cause side effects like hot flushes and headaches.

Question 28

Aromatase inhibitors

Answer 28

Anastrozole, nonsteroidal drugs used in breast cancer treatment that inhibit estrogen production.

Question 29

Mifepristone

Answer 29

An antiprogestogen used for medical abortion by blocking the effects of progesterone.

Question 30

Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Answer 30

Promote muscle growth, increase hemoglobin synthesis, and affect bone metabolism.

Question 31

Cyproterone

Answer 31

A steroidal antiandrogen used for prostatic cancer and severe hirsutism in females.

Question 32

Finasteride

Answer 32

5-alpha reductase inhibitor that reduces the formation of DHT and is used for BPH treatment.

Question 33

Flutamide

Answer 33

Acts as an androgen receptor antagonist used in cases of prostatic carcinoma.

Question 34

Spironolactone

Answer 34

Antiandrogenic drug used to reduce hirsutism in women.

Question 35

Estradiol administration methods

Answer 35

Can be given orally, transdermally, intramuscularly, and through topical intravaginal preparations.

Question 36

Effects of Estrogen on Cholesterol

Answer 36

Increases HDL levels and decreases LDL levels, positively influencing lipid metabolism.

Question 37

Endometrial hyperplasia risk with estrogens

Answer 37

Prolonged estrogen treatment can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and increase cancer risk.

Question 38

Role of estrogens in GI motility

Answer 38

Estrogens can affect gastrointestinal motility, potentially leading to constipation.

Question 39

How do estrogens affect blood pressure?

Answer 39

Estrogens can lead to hypertension through fluid retention and other mechanisms.

Question 40

Types of ovarian estrogens

Answer 40

The three major endogenous estrogens are estradiol, estrone, and estriol.

Question 41

Estrone E1 metabolic relationship

Answer 41

It is a metabolite of estradiol and is the main estrogen present after menopause.

Question 42

Potential effects of HRT on quality of life

Answer 42

HRT aims to improve quality of life by alleviating menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal dryness.

Question 43

Hormonal changes in primary hypogonadism treatment

Answer 43

Estrogens stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics in cases of primary hypogonadism.

Question 44

Role of progesterone in pregnancy

Answer 44

Progesterone prepares the uterine lining for implantation and maintains the pregnancy.

Question 45

Contraceptive effects of COCPs

Answer 45

Combination oral contraceptives (COCP) provide contraceptive effects through hormonal regulation.

Question 46

Effects of progestins on menstruation

Answer 46

Progestins can induce withdrawal bleeding in cases of amenorrhea when administered cyclically.

Question 47

Considerations for prescribing COCPs in smokers

Answer 47

COCPs should not be prescribed to women over 35 who smoke heavily due to increased health risks.

Question 48

Hormonal changes with fertility treatments

Answer 48

Medications like Clomiphene affect hormonal feedback to induce ovulation.

Question 49

Define endometriosis

Answer 49

A condition wherein endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, treated with progestins or other methods.

Question 50

Contraindications for HRT prescription

Answer 50

Include a history of breast cancer, thromboembolism, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, and severe liver disease.

Question 51

Role of SERMs like Raloxifene in treatment

Answer 51

Used for osteoporosis treatment and has a protective effect against breast cancer.

Question 52

Importance of monitoring with hormonal therapy

Answer 52

Regular assessments are necessary to mitigate risks associated with hormone therapy, including cancer risk.