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A + P Exam 6 > A + P Lymphatic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

A + P Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

-what is it?

A

collection of biological structures and processes within the body that protect against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells

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2
Q

pathogens

A

microscopic organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and toxins that cause disease in a specific way

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3
Q

lymphatic system

-what is it?

A

part of the immune system and is comprised of a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally toward the circulatory system

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4
Q

important structures of the lymphatic system

A 
lymph
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
bone marrow
thymus gland
spleen
appendix
tonsils
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5
Q

lymph

  • originates
  • some plasma
  • most of this tissue fluid
  • the rest
A

originates as plasma in the blood
some plasma from arterial circulation seeps out into the surrounding tissues where it becomes tissue fluid that delivers nutrients, O2, and hormones to the cells
most of this tissue fluid (90%) absorbs cellular waste products and protein cells before entering the venous circulation as plasma
remaining tissue fluid (10%) is now known as lymph

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6
Q

lymphatic capillaries

  • lymph leaves body tissues via
  • -most are
  • -the rest
  • lymphatic capillaries join
A

lymph leaves body tissues via specialized lymphatic capillaries
-most are superficial capillaries located just below the skin
-the rest are known as deep lymphatic capillaries, which surround most of the body’s organs
lymphatic capillaries join together to form a mesh-like network of tubes, which eventually give rise to the lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

lymphatic vessels

  • lymphatic vessels and body depth
  • separated into function units called
  • -characteristics
A

deep within the body the lymphatic vessels become progressively larger and are located near major veins
lymphatic vessels are separated into functional units called lymphangions, which have walls lined with smooth muscle and one-way valves to prevent backward lymph flow

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8
Q

lymph nodes

  • what are they?
  • contain
  • function
A

small, spherical structures connected to lymphatic vessels that contain sinuses that house lymphocytes (mature B and T cells) and macrophages
lymph nodes filter the lymph before it returns to the circulatory system

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9
Q

lymphatic flow/drainage

  • how does it flow?
  • lymph passes through
A

lymph only flows upward through the body traveling from the extremities through the body toward the neck
as it travels through the body, lymph passes through lymph nodes where it is filtered

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10
Q

lymphatic flow organization

-organized into two separate

A

organized into two separate and very unequal left and right drainage areas
normally lymph does not drain across the “invisible lines” that separate these areas
structures within each area carry lymph to the base of the neck, where lymph enters the subclavian veins and once again becomes plasma in the venous circulation

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11
Q

bone marrow

-what is produced there?

A

macrophages and lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) are produced in the bone marrow

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12
Q

thymus gland

  • what happens?
  • -in response to
A

T cells mature in the thymus in response to thymosin release

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13
Q

spleen

-function

A

helps purify blood that passes through it by removing bacteria and worn-out or damaged red blood cells

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14
Q

appendix

  • connected to
  • houses
  • with regard to immune function
A

connected to the cecum of the LI
houses several types of bacteria that are helpful for digestion
with regard to immune function, it is supposedly rich in lymphocytes and may release antigens during fetal development that elicit antibody production

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15
Q

tonsils

-function

A

specialized lymphatic tissues that represent the body’s first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens

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16
Q

important components of the immune system

A

antibodies (immunoglobins)
antigens
leukocytes
interleukins

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17
Q

antibodies (immunoglobins)

  • produced from
  • what makes them useful?
  • what happens to “marked” pathogens
A

proteins produced from B cells that are designed to protect against pathogens
ability to recognize specific pathogens makes them useful for defense against foreign invaders
pathogens that are “marked” with antibodies are phagocytized or removed from the body

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18
Q

5 classes of human antibodies

A 
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
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19
Q

antigens

  • what are they
  • usually
A

molecules that antibodies are capable of recognizing

usually a protein or carbohydrate chain bound to a pathogen

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20
Q

leukocyte

  • what is it?
  • types
A 
WBC that come in several variants
types
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
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21
Q

neutrophils

  • what are they?
  • function
A

microphages that phagocytize pathogens

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22
Q

eosinophils

  • what are they?
  • function
A

microphages that phagocytize pathogens

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23
Q

basophils

-function

A

release histamine, which contributes to the inflammatory response at a site of injury or infection

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24
Q

monocytes

  • what are they?
  • in response to
  • function
A

macrophages
in response to inflammation signals, they move to the site of injury or infection and divide/differentiate into macrophages for phagocytosis

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25
Q

lymphocytes

-produced in

A

produced in red bone marrow, lymphatic tissues (e.g. tonsils) and lymphatic organs (e.g. spleen, thymus)

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26
Q

lymphocyte types

A

B-cells
T-cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells

27
Q

B-cells

  • mature in
  • contain
  • function
A

mature in the bone marrow and lymph nodes

have specific antibodies attached to their surface, which function to detect specific antigens in their native form

28
Q

T-cells

  • mature in
  • like B cells
A

mature in the thymus
like B cells, they have specific antibodies attached to their surface, which function to detect specific antigens in their processes form (antigen+MHC)

29
Q

types of T-cells

A

cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
suppressor T cells
memory T cells

30
Q

cytotoxic T cells

-function

A

attack foreign cells or cells infected by viruses

31
Q

helper T cells

-function

A

stimulate the activation and function of B cells and T cells

32
Q

suppressor T cells

-function

A

inhibit the activation and function of B cells and T cells

33
Q

memory T cells

-formed in response to

A

formed in response to a pathogen and remain in body for long period, just in case…

34
Q 
natural killer (NK) cells
-function
A

attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells

35
Q

interleukins

  • what are they?
  • functions
A

cytokines produced from WBC
functions
-collectively increase T cell sensitivity
-stimulate B cell activity and antibody production
-help moderate/suppress the immune response

36
Q

what do the four types of immunity represent?

A

represent body defenses and mechanisms that prevent or fight infection, illness, and disease

37
Q

4 types of immunity

A

innate (non-specific) immunity
adaptive (specific) immunity
active immunity
passive immunity

38
Q

innate (non-specific) immunity

A

mechanisms that are present at birth and generally effective against a variety of pathogens

39
Q

adaptive (specific) immunity

A

generally acquired only after exposure to a pathogen

40
Q

active (adaptive) immunity

A

antibodies acquired after exposure to a specific antigen (e.g. environmental exposure or vaccines

41
Q

passive (adaptive) immunity

A

antibodies are acquired from another source (e.g. from mother or by injection)

42
Q

innate (non-specific) immunity components

A 
physical barriers
phagocytes
immunological surveillance
interferons
complement
inflammatory response
fever
43
Q

physical barriers

A

keep hazardous materials outside the body

-include skin, skin oils, ciliary linings, low pH in the stomach, tears, and saliva

44
Q

phagocytes

A

microphages (neutrophils an eosinophils) and macrophages (monocytes) that attack and remove dangerous pathogens

45
Q

immunological surveillance

A

constantly monitors normal tissues for the presence of cancer cells or viral infections
when present, NK cells are activated, identify the pathogens, and act to destroy them

46
Q

interferons

A

chemical messengers (cytokines) that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells to interfere with viral replication (but do not destroy viruses)

47
Q

complement

A

plasma contains 11 special complement (C) proteins that complement/assist antibodies with the destruction of pathogens

48
Q

inflammatory response

A

a localized, tissue-level response that tends to limit the spread of injury or infection and facilitate the repair of damaged cells

49
Q

fever

A

high body temperature (activated by pyrogens that travel to the hypothalamus)

  • increases metabolism
  • accelerates pathogen defenses
  • inhibits the function of some pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria
50
Q

adaptive (specific) immunity timeline

A

responds to specific antigens with coordinated action of T cells and B cells
T cells provide cell-mediated immunity, which is defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells
B cells provide antibody-mediated immunity, which is defense against antigens and pathogens in body fluids

51
Q

adaptive (specific) immunity cont.

A

once antigens bind to antibodies, they are subsequently “presented” to lymphocytes, which leads to

  • initial (first exposure)
  • secondary (subsequent exposures)
52
Q

initial (first exposure)

A

antigens activate B and T cells, plasma B cells differentiate, and specific antibody levels increase

53
Q

secondary (subsequent exposures)

A

activation of memory B and T cells, which elicits a more extensive and prolonged antibody defense

54
Q

responses to bacterial vs. viral infections

A

bacterial
-neutrophils and NK cells begin killing bacteria
-cytokines draw phagocytes to the area of infection
-antigen presentation activates helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
-B cells activate and differentiate
-plasma cells increase antibody levels
viral
-similar to bacterial infection, but cytotoxic T cells and NK cells are activated by direct contact with virus-infected cells

55
Q

homeostatic imbalances

A 
autoimmune diseases
immunodeficiency diseases
allergies
lymphedema
leukemia
lymphadenopathy/lymphadenitis
56
Q

autoimmune disease

A
  • various diseases that result from a compromised ability to recognize and ignore “normal” antigens in the body
  • consequently, activated B cells make “autoantibodies” against healthy body cells, which leads to their destruction
57
Q

autoimmune disease examples

A

rheumatoid arthritis
multiple sclerosis
Grave’s disease
Type I diabetes

58
Q

immunodeficiency diseases

A

-underactive or imparied immune function due to improper embryological development of lymphoid tissues, viral infections such as HIB, and/or immunosuppressive drugs and radiation treatments

59
Q

immunodeficiency disease examples

A

AIDS

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID)

60
Q

allergies

A
  • overactive immune responses to allergens, which are specific antigens
  • mast cells contain antibody receptors to allergens (antigens)
  • when stimulated, they secrete histamine
  • causes mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and inflammation
61
Q

lymphedema

A
  • a blockage of lymph drainage from a limb, which causes severe swelling and allows bacteria to thrive within the stagnant protein-rich lymph
  • consequently, the likelihood of infections is dramatically increased
62
Q

leukemia

A
  • type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by large amounts of immature leukocytes (WBC), which are unable to form correctly functioning lymphocytes (B and T cells)
  • consequently, immune system function is severely compromised
63
Q

lymphadenopathy/lymphadenitis

A

chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes due to various infections, endocrine disorders, or cancer

A + P Exam 6 (5 decks)

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