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A + P Exam 6 > A + P Reproductive System II > Flashcards

A + P Reproductive System II Flashcards

1
Q

female reproductive cycle

  • two cycles
  • other components that affect the reproductive cycle
A 
ovarian cycle
uterine cycle
other
-hormonal changes that regulate them
-cyclical changes in the breasts and the cervix
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2
Q

ovarian cycle

  • what is it
  • phases
A 
a series of events associated with the maturation and release of an ovum
phases
-follicular phase
-ovulation
-luteal phase
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3
Q

follicular phase

-days

A

period of follicular growth in the ovary

most variable in length, from 10-14 days

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4
Q

ovulation

-days

A

once the follicle has ripened, the ovary releases the ovum

occurs approximately on day 14

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5
Q

luteal phase

-days

A

days 15-28

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6
Q

luteal phase

-if fertilization and implantation do not occur

A

corpus luteum degenerates
decreased secretion of progesterone and estrogens
-causes shedding of the stratum functionalis
-initiates another uterine and ovarian cycle

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7
Q

luteal phase

-if fertilization and implantation do occur

A

will occur within 24 hours after ovulation
corpus luteum is maintained until the placents takes over its hormone-producing function
during this time th ecorpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation
this interrupts the menstrual cycle and prevents the loss of the stratum functionalis
once the placenta begins its secretion, the corpus luteum will degenerate

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8
Q

uterine (menstrual) cycle

A

involves changes in the endometrium to prepare for the reception of a fertilized ovum
highly variable duration from 20-45 days (28 is average)

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9
Q

uterine cycle phases

A

menses (menstruation)
proliferative phase
secretory phase

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10
Q

menses

  • days
  • 1st day
  • stratum functionalis
  • secondary follicles
A

first 3-7 days of the cycle
1st day of menstruation or blooding considered 1st day of the cycle
during this phase, the stratum functionalis is shed, which discharges blood tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells
small secondary follicles in each ovary begin to develop from primary follicles

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11
Q

proliferative phase

  • days
  • endometrium
A

lasts from days 6-13 in a 28-day cycle

endometrium adds a new layer of cells (stratum basalis) in anticipation of implantation of a fertilized ovum

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12
Q

secretory phase

  • days
  • after ovulation
  • if no pregnancy
A

usually on day 14 in a 28-day cycle
after ovulation, hormones from the corpus luteum convert the stratum basalis into a secretory structure and the stratum functionalis is formed
if no pregnancy occurs during this phase, the stratum functionalis is prepared to be released again during menses

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13
Q

when does hormonal regulation of the female reproductive cycle begin

A

onset of puberty

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14
Q

hormones involved in the female reproductive cycle

A 
GnRH
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
leutenizing hormone (LH)
estrogens
progesterone
relaxin
inhibin
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15
Q

GnRH

  • from
  • controls
  • stimulates
A

from the hypothalamus
controls ovarian and uterine cycles
stimulates the relase of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

-stimulates

A

stimulates

  • secretion of estrogens by the ovaries
  • initial development of ovarian follicles
  • full development of at least one follicle each month to produce a mature ovum
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17
Q

leutenizing hormone

-stimulates

A

stimulates

  • further development of ovarian follicles
  • ovulation
  • secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries
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18
Q

estrogens

  • how many
  • functions
A

at least 6 different estrogens have been isolated from the plasma of human females
functions
-development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, menstruation, secondary sex characteristics
-regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
-stimulation of protein synthesis

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19
Q

progesterone

  • works with
  • function
A

works with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis

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20
Q

relaxin

  • when is it produced
  • function
  • during pregnancy
A

produced monthly to relax the uterus by inhibiting contractions
-makes it easier for a fertilized ovum to implant in the uterus
during pregnancy, relaxin relaxes the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix to facilitate delivery

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21
Q

inhibin

  • function
  • might be important for
A

inhibits secretion of FSH and GnRH and, to a lesser extent, LH
might be important in decreasing secretion of FSH and LH toward the end of the uterine cycle

22
Q

what is pregnancy

A

sequence of events that normally includes fertilization, implantation, embryonic growth, and fetal growth, that ends with birth about 28 weeks later

23
Q

fertilization

  • how
  • where does it occur
  • within what time after ovulation
  • spermatazoa
  • when a sperm enters the ovum
A

the genetic material from a haploid sperm cell and a haploid ovum merge into a single diploid nucleus
normally occurs 1/3 of the way down the uterine tube, usually within 12-24 hours after ovulation
spermatazoa swims up the uterus and into the uterine tube by the whiplike movements of their tails and muscular contractions of the uterus
once a sperm enters the ovum, the male and female pronuclei fuse to form the fertilized ovum or zygote

24
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

  • derived from
  • contain
A

derived from a single fertilized ovum that splits at an early stage in development
contain exactly the same genetic material and are always the same sex

25
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

  • produced from
  • they are
  • consequently
A

produced from the independent release of two ova and the subsequent fertilization of each by different spermatazoa
they are the same age and are in the uterus at the same time, but are as genetically dissimilar as other siblings
consequently, fraternal twins can be different sexes

26
Q

hatching

  • what happens
  • zygote becomes knows as
  • -around what time
  • embryoblast and trophoblast turn into
A

zygote continues to divide, creating an inner group of cells (embryoblast) with an outer shell (trophoblast)
at this stage the zygote becomes known as a blastocyst (around day 5)
embryoblast cells will become the embryo
trophoblast cells will become the placents that nourishes and protects the embryo

27
Q

implantation

  • attachment of
  • -when does it occur
A

attachment of a blastocyst to the endometrium occurs 7-8 days after fertilization
called implantation

28
Q

embryonic and fetal development

-divisions

A

first trimester
second trimester
third trimester

29
Q

first trimester

  • when
  • first two months
A

0-3 months

first two months is the embryonic period

30
Q

embryonic period

  • what happens
  • by the end
A

time during which the embryo is developed

by the end of this time, the rudiments of the principal organs are formed, and the placenta is functioning

31
Q

parts of the embryo

A

amnion
placenta
umbilical cord

32
Q

amnion

  • visual
  • forms by
  • as the embryo grows
  • usually ruptures when
A

thin, protective membrane
forms by day 8 of fertilization
as the embryo grows, the amnion entirely surrounds the embryo, creating a cavity that becomes filled with amniotic fluid
amnion usually ruptures during labor and expels fluid

33
Q

placenta

  • formed by
  • happens by
  • functions
A

formed by the chorion of the embryo and a portion of the endometrium of the mother by the end of the embryonic period
functions
-allows O2 and nutrients to diffuse into fetal blood from maternal blood and CO2 and wastes to diffuse from fetal blood into maternal blood
-provides protection, since most microorganisms cannot cross it
-stores nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, Ca2+, and Fe, which are released into fetal circulation as required
produces several hormones that are necessary during pregnancy

34
Q

umbilical cord

  • what is it
  • consists of
A

vascular connection between the placenta and fetus
consists of
-two umbilical arteries carrying deoxygenated fetal blood to the placents
-one umbilical vein carrying oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

35
Q

when does the embryo name change

what does it change to

A

from the start of the third month until birth, the embryo is referred to as a fetus
remainder of pregnancy is knows as the fetal period

36
Q

second trimester

  • time
  • what happens
  • by 6th month
A

4-6 months
continued development of organs and organ systems
by 6th month, fetus begins to look like a small human

37
Q

third trimester

  • time
  • what happens
  • by early 7th month
A

7-9 months
rapid fetal growth and deposition of adipose tissue
most major organs functionby by early 7th month

38
Q

labor

-what is it

A

process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through the vagins

39
Q

what primarily controls the onset of labor

A

hormone oxytocin

40
Q

stages of labor

A

dilation stage
expulsion stage
placental stage

41
Q

dilation stage

  • what is it
  • lasts
  • characteristics of uterine contractions
  • rupture of amniotic sac
A

onset of contractions to complete dilation of cervix (10 cm)
typically lasts from 6-12 hours
regular contraction of the uterus
-early on they may be 10-30 minutes apart lasting 20-30 seconds
-progress to under 2-3 minutes lasting 60 seconds
rupture of amniotic sac may happen naturally or could be done manually, which may speed up labor

42
Q

expulsion stage

  • when does it occur?
  • length
  • what will decrease the time?
A

from complete cervical dilation to delivery
may last from a few minutes to several hours
time in this last stage may be decreased with additional deliveries

43
Q

placental stage

  • when
  • what facilitates delivery of the placenta
A

from delivery of baby to delivery of placenta (afterbirth)

powerful uterine contractions facilitate delivery of placenta

44
Q

Cesarean section (c-section)

  • involves
  • when are they necessary
A

involves making an abdominal incision into the uterine through which the baby can be removed
often necessary
-if baby is to big
-baby is aligned incorrectly for vaginal delivery
-to prevent possible complications during labor

45
Q

maternal changes during pregnancy

A 
corpus luteum
placenta
uterine enlargement
skin
miscellaneous changes
cardiovascular modifications
pulmonary modifications
46
Q

corpus luteum

  • when
  • what happens
A

during the first 3-4 months of pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogens to maintain the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk

47
Q

placenta

-function

A

once formed, the placenta takes over the corpus luteum’s role and provides high levels of progesterone and estrogens for the remainder of the pregnancy

48
Q

uterine enlargement

-what happens

A

uterus continuously enlarges, filling first the pelvic and then the abdominal cavity, displacing and compressing a number of structures
pressure on the bladder increases frequency and urgency of urination

49
Q

skin

-what happens

A

increased pigmentation, and striae (stretch marks) develop over the abdomen as the uterus enlarges

50
Q

miscellaneous changes

A 
weight gain
increased appetite
increased protein, fat, and mineral storage
breast enlargement
lower back pain
possible nausea, vomiting, and heartburn
51
Q

cardiovascular modifications

A

increased BV, SV, HR, and Q

52
Q

pulmonary modifications

A

increased VT and VE, and bronchodilation

A + P Exam 6 (5 decks)

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