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227 Flashcards

1
Q

list four perceived problems with net pen farming of salmon that are often raised by environmental non-govermental organizations

A

i) desease spread
ii) over fishing of meal fish
iii) pollutants
iv) feral fish competing with wild stocks

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2
Q

what is the minimum size at which an Altantic salmon can be expected to smolt and tolerate sea water?

A

50g

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3
Q

how many winers do chinook salmon jacks spend in sea water?

A

1 year

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4
Q

what size to chinook smelt?

A

5-15g

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5
Q

how many witnters would you expect a south coastal, ocean type chinook salmon to spend in freshwater before smelting?

A

2-4 years

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6
Q

3 modes of gene action that may occur in a population

A

i) additive
ii) dominance
iii) epistatic

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7
Q

what is the minimum value for heritability to make a selective breeding program worth undertaking?

A

0.2

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8
Q

Genetic Drift

A

not enough chromosomes to keep genetic variance

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9
Q

effective breeding number (quick def)

A

number of chromosome compositions in a group

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10
Q

what is the relationship between genetic drift and effective breeding number?

A

in order to prevent genetic drift, you must maintain an effective breeding number.

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11
Q

When do you want to maintain genetic varience, and when do you want to limit it?

A

maintain: wild stocks
limit: private breeding stocks

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12
Q

success of selective breeding depends on

A

heritability of the trait

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13
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic variance

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14
Q

what is the formula for heritability

A

xbar selects - xbar population

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15
Q

when establising a line breeding program, why should the males and females be taken from different stocks?

A

difficult and expensive to maintain

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16
Q

when sorting female salmonid brook stock for ripeness, what three categories should they be sorted into?

A

green, ripening, ripe

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17
Q

effective breeding number (formula)

A

Ne= 4(female)(male)
——————–
female +male

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18
Q

inbreeding in one generation (formula)

A

f= 1
——–
2Ne

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19
Q

what is the minimum effective breeding number?

A

2

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20
Q

what formula should be used for the following question: Given a maranil stock solution of 20,000 mg/L, a desired anaesthetic concentration of 5mg/L and a stun tank that holds 500 L, how much stock solution should be used for the aneasthetic bath?

A

L= (CDxV)/Cs

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21
Q

which anaesthetic must be used when sorting brood fish that may later be used for human consumption?

A

CO2

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22
Q

name 9 ways of capturing brood stock

A

i) seining
ii) gill nets
iii) electrofishing
iv) angling
v) fences/weirs
vi) tail snare
vii) fish wheel
viii) imprinting
xi) brood holding

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23
Q

name 4 types of anesthetics

A

maranill, ms222, co2, clove oil

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24
Q

how much sedation would you add when transferring brood?

A

1/3 - 1/5 ppm

25
Q

fungal treatments

A

malachite green, formaldehyde

26
Q

what are the 5 main reasons for controversy regarding salmon farming?

A

sea lice, meal fish, interbreeding escapees, colonizers, pollution

27
Q

what are the original species for farmed fish?

A

brown trout, atlantic salmon

28
Q

what is the very first salmon feed?

A

OMP

29
Q

what nation was the first to take up commercial salmon farming and what was their reason?

A

norway, because of the destruction of the fishing industry

30
Q

where were the first two salmon farming operations in BC, and why didi they fail?

A

tidal rush, Roy Pac. ‘83, holes in nets, algae bloom

31
Q

how many mT/year does BC’s samon farming industry produce per year?

A

80,000 to 100,000 mT annually

32
Q

how much does the east coast produce?

A

20-30 mT/year

33
Q

who are the 4 main players in BC farming?

A

mainstream, creative, marine harvest, greig

34
Q

what is the annual global estimation of total salmon production?

A

1.7-2mill tonnes/year

35
Q

3 environmental stimuli

A

photoperiod, temperature, food

36
Q

sensors

A

eyes, pineal gland, nutritrional sensors

37
Q

What happens in the brain?

A

hypothalamus secretes GTHRH to the pituitary, which in turns secretes GTH

38
Q

GTH affects what?

A

gonads, sex steroids,ovulation

39
Q

what are the 2 sex steroids?

A

17Bestradiol, 11ketotestosterone

40
Q

sex steroids messages what 2 things?

A

liver, makes lipids and vitellogenin, also the Soma.

41
Q

Soma

A

secondary sexual traits, spawning behaviro and aggression

42
Q

Photoperiod

A

rate of change, change of direction

43
Q

female cycle

A

initiation of gonadal maturation, exogenous vittelogenesis, endogenous vittelogenesis, secondary sexual traits, final oocyte maturation, ovulation, spawning.

44
Q

what is the composition of artificial ovarian fluid used to wash contaminated salmonid eggs?

A

14gNaHCO3/LH20

45
Q

which two salmonid species are most widely cultured around the world?

A

mykiss and salar

46
Q

how can triploid fish be differentiated from diploid fish?

A

size of cell

47
Q

how do male and female troploid salmonids differ from one another at the age of sexual maturity?

A

males develop secondary sexual traits

48
Q

for how long would you expect a salmonid sperm cell to be active in freshwater?

A

30-90 seconds

49
Q

Briefly describe how triploidy is usually obtained in rainbow trout eggs fertilized with normal milt. Include timing of the recommended procedures

A

normal eggs:normal milt. shock for 10-20 minutes, 10-40 minutes post fertilization

50
Q

what is the other method than ATUs?

A

Belehradek model

51
Q

1mmHg =

A

1 TORR

52
Q

2 methods of measuring O2

A

Azide modified winkler’s titration, hach kit

53
Q

If incubator oxygen levels are too low, what do you do?

A

lower temperature, up the flow rate, add pure oxygen to inflow, reduce number of eggs

54
Q

what causes gas supersaturation?

A

well water, water from dam spillways and waterfalls, low pressure systems, mixing cold and warm water, snow melt, excess phytoplankton

55
Q

factors changing pH

A

CO2 from respiration, pH goes down. CO2 from photosynthesis, pH goes up. Alkalinity

56
Q

Suspended solids and Organic Debris

A

down resperatory rate, down flow rates and cause chanelling, down disinfectant usefulness, down vector for pesticides and metals, causes gill mucus production and lowered O2 uptakes, interferes with feeding, Ups BOD and causes O2 to go Down.

57
Q

what are the three graph points of Pc? what are the associated degree days?

A

(5,3) (7,7) (10.5,9) 364, 319, 225 (just eyed)

58
Q

what is the x and y for oxygen uptake graph?

A 
x= ambient oxygen level (mg/L)
y= oxygen uptake (ug/individual/h)

211 (8 decks)

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