2.3 carbohydrates & lipids

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

The sum of all the enzyme catalyzed reactions in an organism or cell

Question 2

examples of metabolism

Answer 2

Cellular respiration, photosynthesis

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

The breaking down of complex molecules to form simple one

Question 4

anabolism

Answer 4

The formation of complex molecules from simple ones

Question 5

condensation

Answer 5

An anabolic reaction. The -OH group of one molecule reacts with the -H of another molecule to form a bond. Water is created.

Question 6

example of condensation reaction

Answer 6

Glucose + glucose → maltose + water

Question 7

hydrolysis

Answer 7

The use of water to break a bond between two molecules.

Question 8

example of hydrolysis

Answer 8

Sucrose + water → glucose + fructose

Question 9

enzyme

Answer 9

A protein that catalyzes (increases rate of) chemical reactions.

Question 10

examples of enzyme

Answer 10

RuBisCo, catalase

Question 11

what makes a molecule organic?

Answer 11

Organic molecules are molecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen -> must contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms (C-H bonds).

Question 12

what organic molecules make up all life?

Answer 12

Carbon based, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

Question 13

theory of vitalism

Answer 13

There was a vital force unique to living organisms. Molecules that made up life (organic molecules) could not be made from inorganic molecules.

Question 14

How did Wohler disprove the theory of vitalism?

Answer 14

He accidentally created urea, an organic compound in the lab from ammonium cyanate.

Question 15

How did Wohler’s discovery disprove vitalism?

Answer 15

Organic compounds are not fundamentally different from other molecules. They are made of the same atoms found on Earth.

Question 16

formula for pentose

Answer 16

C5(H2O)5

Question 17

what does -ose imply?

Answer 17

it is a sugar

Question 18

formula for hexose

Answer 18

C6(H2O)6

Question 19

formula for heptose

Answer 19

C7(H2O)7

Question 20

formula for octose

Answer 20

C8(H2O)8

Question 21

what type of sugar is ribose?

Answer 21

a 5C pentose

Question 22

draw a ribose molecule

Answer 22

see p. 152

Question 23

what type of sugar is glucose?

Answer 23

a 6C hexose

Question 24

draw a glucose molecule

Answer 24

see p. 152

Question 25

3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 25

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 26

main function of monosaccharides

Answer 26

an immediate energy source for cells

Question 27

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 27

glucose, galactose and fructose (gives good flavor)

Question 28

main function of disaccharides

Answer 28

small enough to be soluble in water and commonly function as a transport form

Question 29

examples of disaccharides

Answer 29

lactose, maltose and sucrose (let me sleep)

Question 30

main function of polysaccharides

Answer 30

may be used for energy storage or cell structure, and also play a role in cell recognition

Question 31

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 31

cellulose, glycogen and starch (can get stored)

Question 32

how are monosaccharide monomers are linked together to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers?

Answer 32

via condensation reactions

Question 33

draw the formation of a disaccharide

Answer 33

see p. 153

Question 34

glycogenolysis

Answer 34

During periods of fasting, glycogen in your liver will be broken down. This will increase your blood glucose levels allowing for normal cell function. Glycogen + water → Glucose (many)

Question 35

Draw a saturated fatty acid which is at least 4 carbons long.

Answer 35

see p. 153

Question 36

Saturated Fatty Acid: number of double bonds

Answer 36

0

Question 37

Saturated Fatty Acid: state at room temperature

Answer 37

solid

Question 38

Saturated Fatty Acid: # of hydrogens

Answer 38

most

Question 39

Saturated Fatty Acid: total energy

Answer 39

most

Question 40

Saturated Fatty Acid: melting point

Answer 40

highest

Question 41

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: number of double bonds

Answer 41

1

Question 42

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: state at room temperature

Answer 42

liquid

Question 43

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: # of hydrogens

Answer 43

fewer

Question 44

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: total energy

Answer 44

less

Question 45

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: melting point

Answer 45

low

Question 46

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: # of double bonds

Answer 46

2+

Question 47

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: state at room temperature

Answer 47

liquid

Question 48

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: # of hydrogens

Answer 48

fewest

Question 49

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: total energy

Answer 49

least

Question 50

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: melting point

Answer 50

low

Question 51

fatty acids

Answer 51

long hydrocarbon chains that are found in certain types of lipids (triglycerides & phospholipids)

Question 51

how is the structure of saturated fatty acids?

Answer 51

linear

Question 52

how is the structure of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 52

bent

Question 53

what are the 2 structural configurations of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 53

cis and trans isomers

Question 54

cis isomers

Answer 54

The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side

Question 55

trans isomers

Answer 55

The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on different sides

Question 56

how are trans fatty acids typically produced?

Answer 56

by an industrial process called hydrogenation

Question 57

shape of trans isomers

Answer 57

straight

Question 58

draw a cis fatty acid

Answer 58

see p. 155

Question 59

draw a trans fatty acid

Answer 59

see p. 155

Question 60

largest class of lipids

Answer 60

triglycerides

Question 61

primary function of triglycerides

Answer 61

long-term energy storage

Question 62

how do animals tend to store triglycerides?

Answer 62

as fats (solid)

Question 63

how do plants plants tend to store triglycerides?

Answer 63

as oils (liquid)

Question 64

contrasts carbs + lipids: Digestion & Availability

Answer 64

carbs: Easily digested and short term availability lipids: long term

Question 65

contrasts carbs + lipids: Transport & Solubility

Answer 65

carbs: Soluble in water - transported in blood lipids: Insoluble in water - transported as lipoproteins

Question 66

contrasts carbs + lipids: energy storage

Answer 66

carbs: Small yield of energy lipids: 4x more energy

Question 67

contrasts carbs + lipids: Effect on Osmolarity

Answer 67

carbs: Affects osmosis (water balance) lipids: No affect on osmosis (water balance)

Question 68

how is an ester linkage formed?

Answer 68

The hydroxyl groups of glycerol combine with the carboxyl groups of the fatty acids

Question 69

cellulose

Answer 69

- a structural polysaccharide that is found in the cell wall of plants - a linear molecule composed of β-glucose subunits (bound in a 1-4 arrangement)

Question 70

starch

Answer 70

- an energy storage polysaccharide found in plants - composed of α-glucose subunits (bound in a 1-4 arrangement) and exists in one of two forms – amylose or amylopectin

Question 71

diffs b/w amylose & amylopectin

Answer 71

- Amylose is a linear (helical) molecule while amylopectin is branched (contains additional 1-6 linkages) - Amylose is harder to digest and less soluble, however, as it takes up less space, is the preferred storage form in plants

Question 72

glycogen

Answer 72

- an energy storage polysaccharide formed in the liver in animals - composed of α-glucose subunits linked together by both 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages (branching)