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Geography > 2.3 Coasts > Flashcards

2.3 Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Coasts:

A

Coasts are formed by the sea and wind working together
In 3 key tasks: erosion, transportation and deposition

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2
Q

Erosion:

A
  • Corrasion: large waves hurl beach material at the cliff
  • Corrosion: salts and acids slowly dissolve a cliff
  • Attrition: waves cause stones to collide and
    disintegrate
  • Hydraulic action: force of waves compresses air in cliffs
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3
Q

Transportation:

A
  • Waves approach coast at an angle
  • Swash moves up the beach at an angle
  • Backwash drains straight back down the beach
  • Gradually moving material along beach in zig-zag
    motion
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4
Q

Deposition
Components of waves:

A
  • Swash: when a wave breaks & washes up the beach
  • Backwash: when the water drains back into the sea
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5
Q

Types of waves:

A
  1. Constructive
  2. Destructive
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6
Q

Constructive waves:

A
  • Low wave height
  • Beach gradient is gentle
  • Spill forward gently
  • Creates a strong swash
  • Water drains through beach material
  • Backwash is weak
  • Deposits material
  • Builds up beaches
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7
Q

Destructive waves:

A
  • High wave height
  • Beach gradient is steep
  • Plunge forward
  • Swash is weak
  • Rotation of water causes a strong backwash
  • Erodes beaches
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8
Q

Cliffs & Wave-cut platforms:

A
  • Wave erosion is concentrated at the foot of the cliff
  • A wave-cut notch is formed
  • Cliff is undercut & collapses
  • Repeated collapse causes retreat of the cliff
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9
Q

Caves, Arches and Stacks

A
  • A band of weaker rock extends through a headland
  • Erosion produces caves on both sides of headland
  • More erosion produces an arch through the headland
  • Eventually the roof is weak & collapses forming a stack
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10
Q

Beaches:

A
  • In bays, the waves diverge outwards
  • The wave energy is dissipated creating a low energy
    environment hence deposition to form beaches
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10
Q

How are caves, Arches and Stacks formed:

A
  1. Large crack, opened up by hydraullic exam.
  2. The cracks grows into a cave by hydraullic action and
    abrasion
  3. The cave becomes larger
  4. The cave breaks through the headland forming a
    natural arch.
  5. The arch is eroded and collapse
  6. This leaves a tall long stack
  7. The stack is eroded and forms a stump
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11
Q

Bays and headlands:

A
  • Bays are formed due to softer rock getting eroded
    easily
  • Headlands are usually formed since they are made of
    resistant rock and so is eroded more difficultly
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12
Q

Spits:

A
  • Spits form when the coastline changes direction
  • Longshore drift carries material in same direction
  • Sand & shingle is built up to form a spit
  • End of spit curves due to wave refraction or wind
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13
Q

Sand dunes:

A
  • Sand dunes form behind wide sandy beaches
  • Onshore winds pick up the dry sand from above the
    high-water mark & carry it landward by saltation
  • If they encounter an obstacle the wind loses energy &
    deposits sand in the lee of the obstacle
  • Eventually a dune is formed
  • Plants grow on it which stabilizes it & traps more sand
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14
Q

Mangrove swamps

A
  • Mangrove swamps are trees and shrubs that grow in
    saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics
  • Provide a habitat and protection for many fish & other
    sea animals, especially when young
  • They slow water flow encouraging any sediment to be
    deposited, keeping sea water clear
  • Protect the coast from erosion, storm surges,
    hurricanes, and tsunamis
  • They are a source of food and material
  • Conditions required for formation of mangrove
    swamps:
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15
Q

Coral Reef:

A
  • Coral reefs support a great diversity of life
  • Built from the limestone remains of coral skeletons &
    coralline algae
16
Q

Conditions requried for coral reefs:

A
  • Warm water/seas; temperatures above 20°C
  • Shallow water; not more than 60 meters deep
  • Water free from sediment/clear/availability of light
  • Plentiful supply of oxygen in water/unpolluted
  • Plentiful supply of plankton
  • Lack of strong current
17
Q

Types of croal reef:

A

Fringing reef
Barrier reef
Coral Atoll

18
Q

Fringing reef

A

Coral reefs grow in the shallow water of the coast in
tropical areas

19
Q

Barrier reef

A
  • Due to plate tectonics island starts to sink
  • Reef grows to keep up with the sinking, but a lagoon
    develops between reef & land
20
Q

Carol Atoll

A
  • These form around islands that are sinking.
  • Coral growth keeps up with this & island keeps sinking
  • Eventually island sinks below sea level forming a ring
    of coral with a lagoon in the centre.
21
Q

Coastal oppurtunities:

A
  • Tourism
  • Sport
  • Fishing
  • Oil and Gas
  • Housing
  • Industry
  • Transport
22
Q

Tourism and Sport:

A
  • Tourism: Resorts along coasts; tourists enjoy using
    coast.
    e.g. swimming and sunbathing
  • Sport: Many sports use coasts e.g. sailing, surfing,
    diving
23
Q

Fishing and Oil and Gas:

A
  • Fishing: Many people make their living from catching &
    selling fish on coasts
  • Oil & Gas: Reserves are found under oceans near
    coasts
24
Q

Housing, Industry, Transport:

A
  • Housing: Many people live along coasts because of its
    beauty and relaxing lifestyle
  • Industry: Many industries locate near coasts for easy of
    trade
  • Transport: Many ports are found in coastal areas &
    help trading 7 travelling between countries
25
Q

Coastal Hazards:

A
  • Sea level rises
  • Pollution
  • Overfishing
  • Erosion
  • Tropical Storms
26
Q

Sea level rising:

A

Caused by global warming, low lying countries become vulnerable to flooding

27
Q

Pollution:

A

Sewage discharge, oil spills, litter thrown into the sea can harm coastal ecosystems and environment

28
Q

Overfishing:

A

Many fish stocks around the world are being over fished to dangerous levels

29
Q

Erosion:

A

Many coastlines are being eroded by stronger
storms & raising seal levels

30
Q

Tropical Storms:

A

Frequency of storms & magnitude increase causing floods, storm surges & wind damage

30
Q

Tropical Storms:

A

Frequency of storms & magnitude increase causing floods, storm surges & wind damage

Geography (10 decks)

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