23. Diphyllobothriosis, sparganosis, ligulosis

Question 1

What is the class of Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 1

Cestoda

Question 2

What is the order of Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 2

Pseudophyllida

Question 3

What are the definitive hosts (FH) for Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 3

Man, Ca, fel, fox, bear, fish eating mammals

Question 4

What are the first intermediate hosts (IH1) for Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 4

Water crustaceans

Question 5

What are the second intermediate hosts (IH2) for Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 5

Fish

Question 6

What is the maximum size of Diphyllobothrium latum in humans?

Answer 6

Up to 17 m

Question 7

What is the morphology of Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 7

Scolex: 2 bothrium; Strobila: 4000 segments; Genital pore opens midventrally

Question 8

Describe the egg of Diphyllobothrium latum.

Answer 8

Medium size, ovoid with operculum, 2 thin shells, unembryonated, yellow/brown

Question 9

What is the life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 9

Egg reaches water, embryonates, hatches into coracidium, ingested by IH1, develops into procercoid, ingested by IH2, develops into plerocercoid, FH eats infected fish, adult tapeworm develops in small intestine

Question 10

What vitamin does Diphyllobothrium latum have a strong affinity for?

Answer 10

Vitamin B12

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of Diphyllobothrium latum infection?

Answer 11

Obstruction of SI, diarrhea, enteritis, anemia, anorexia, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting

Question 12

What is the treatment for Diphyllobothrium latum infection?

Answer 12

Praziquantel + Niclozamide

Question 13

What is the control measure for Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 13

Heat-treatment of fish meat

Question 14

How is Diphyllobothrium latum diagnosed?

Answer 14

Identifying proglottids or eggs in the faeces

Question 15

What is sparganosis?

Answer 15

Infection caused by Sparganum manosoni, similar to Diphyllobothrium, found in South America and Asia

Question 16

What is the first intermediate host (IH1) for Sparganum manosoni?

Answer 16

Water crustaceans

Question 17

What is the second intermediate host (IH2) for Sparganum manosoni?

Answer 17

Frog, reptiles, birds, small mammals, man

Question 18

How do humans obtain sparganosis?

Answer 18

By drinking contaminated water or consuming undercooked 2nd IH

Question 19

What is the larval stage of Sparganum manosoni called?

Answer 19

Plerocercoid

Question 20

What are the clinical signs of sparganosis?

Answer 20

Eyelid edema, burning, tearing, corneal ulceration, headache, seizures, visual impairments

Question 21

What is the treatment for sparganosis?

Answer 21

Surgical removal

Question 22

What is Lingula intestinalis’s first intermediate host (IH1)?

Answer 22

Crustacean

Question 23

What is the definitive host (FH) for Lingula intestinalis?

Answer 23

Fish-eating water birds

Question 24

What is the size of Lingula intestinalis?

Answer 24

1 m

Question 25

What is the life cycle of Lingula intestinalis?

Answer 25

Unembryonated egg passed into water, develops into coracidium, IH1 ingests coracidium, IH2 ingests IH1, FH ingests IH2

Question 26

What is the pathogenesis of Lingula intestinalis?

Answer 26

Attacks ovaries of fish, causing atrophy of gonads

Question 27

What is the treatment for Lingula intestinalis infection?

Answer 27

Piperazine

Question 28

How is Lingula intestinalis diagnosed?

Answer 28

Post-mortem findings