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Anatomy & Physiology > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

A cell is a living entity. Name its 5 components (MCONC)

A 
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nuclear Region
Cytoskeleton
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1
Q

What is the fundamental unit of all living things that performs all the basic functions of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What is the purpose of a cell membrane?

A

To maintain the cells integrity and for signalling

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3
Q

What part of the cell maintains the cells integrity and is used for signalling?

A

The cell membrane

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4
Q

What is the purpose of cytoplasm?

A

It is where biological processes take place

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5
Q

Where do biological processes take place within cells?

A

The cytoplasm

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6
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialised compartments within a cell

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7
Q

What do you call specialised compartments within a cell?

A

Organelles

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8
Q

What part of the cell contains hereditary material?

A

The nuclear region

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9
Q

What part of the cell allows it to move, and gives it strength?

A

The cytoskeleton

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10
Q

There are two types of organism. What are they classified as?

A

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic

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11
Q

What are multi-cellular organisms classed as?

A

Eukaryotes

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12
Q

What are single-cell organisms classed as?

A

Prokaryotic

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13
Q

Do eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus (karyon)?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What size are cells in eukaryotes?

A

10-40 or larger

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15
Q

Which type of organism has extensive organelles in its cells?

A

Eukaryotes

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16
Q

Name 3 differentiating properties of eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus with DNA
Large (10-40)
Extensive organelles

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17
Q

Name 5 differentiating properties of prokaryotic cells

A 
Lack nucleus
Small (1-5)
Hereditary material is found in the cytoplasm
No organelles
Cell wall and capsule (not membrane)
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18
Q

In what type of cell is hereditary material is found in the cytoplasm, and also has a cell wall or capsule?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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19
Q

What are bacteria and yeast examples of?

A

Prokaryotic cells/single-cell organisms

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20
Q

What part of a cell acts as a ‘gate keeper’?

A

Plasma Membrane

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21
Q

What part of the cell defines boundaries, interacts with other cells, controls the flow of substances (is selectively permeable), and maintains cellular homeostasis?

A

The plasma membrane

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22
Q

What part of the cell maintains cellular homeostasis?

A

Plasma Membrane

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23
Q

What part of the cell is composed of 90-99% lipids and 1-10% proteins?

A

Plasma Membrane

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24
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

Mainly lipids and a bit of protein

90-99% and 1-10%

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25
Q

What part of the cell is fluid-mosaic (a fatty structure that can move and change shape)?

A

Plasma Membrane

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26
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Where only certain things can get in and/or out

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27
Q

What is located on the plasma membrane that determines cell responses and defines cell function?

A

Receptors

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28
Q

What are the 2 functions of the receptors that sit in the plasma membrane?

A

To determine cell responses

To define cell function

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29
Q

Where can you find cytoplasm?

A

Within cells

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30
Q

What is cytosol?

A

It is the viscous fluid that is cytoplasm

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31
Q

What is cytoplasm/cytosol and what 3 things is it made up of?

A

It is made up of water, ions and proteins

It is where cell organelles are suspended

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32
Q

What is the name of the discrete structures that have a defined function?

A

Organelles

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33
Q

What are organelles?

A

Discrete structures that have a defined function

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34
Q

Where are organelles?

A

In the cytoplasm/cytosol within cells

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35
Q

What are mitochondria, the nucleus, ER and lysosomes examples of?

A

Organelles

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36
Q

What type of organelle is the control centre of the cell?

A

The nucleus

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37
Q

Within the nucleus, what substance contains chromosomes which contain the genetic information for life?

A

DNA

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38
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

The genetic information for life

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39
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

In the nucleolus

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40
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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41
Q

What part of the cell is associated with cell division for reproduction?

A

The nucleus

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42
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division necessary for growth, regeneration etc

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43
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division necessary for sexual reproduction

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44
Q

What part of the cell controls mitosis and meiosis?

A

The nucleus

45
Q

What part of the cell has the function of component production/assembly line?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

46
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesise?

A

Protein synthesis

47
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesise?

A

Lipid synthesis

48
Q

What part of the ER is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

Rough

49
Q

What part of the ER is responsible for lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth

50
Q

What does ER stand for? What does it do?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum.

It produces things (proteins and lipids) - component production

51
Q

What part of the cells function is assembly and packaging?

A

Golgi Complex

52
Q

What 2 things does the golgi complex do?

A

Modifies Carbohydrates

Packages, modifies and sorts proteins into vesicles

After this it sends the products to another cell to be released

53
Q

After the ER synthesises proteins, what happens to them?

A

They are packaged, modified and sorted into vesicles by the golgi complex

54
Q

What part of the cell is responsible for energy production?

A

The mitochondria

55
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Produce energy.

It gets glucose to produce to ATP. Sends this to cytosol which gives to everything else in the cell.

56
Q

If a cell needs lots of energy, what will it need lots of?

A

Mitochondrion

57
Q

What part of the cell is the site of ATP synthesis and contains DNA?

A

Mitochondrion

58
Q

Most cells have 10s to 100s (and the liver and muscle have 1000s) of what?

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

What part of the cell acts as a recycle centre?

A

Lysosome

60
Q

What part of the cell contains enzymes to breakdown small food stuffs and destroy unwanted proteins and chemicals?

A

Lysosome

it sends what we do need to cytosol

61
Q

Where does the golgi complex send its waste?

A

Lysosomes

62
Q

What part of the cell acts as a container transport?

A

Secretory granules

63
Q

What 2 main things do secretory granules do?

A

Contain products to be released into the circulation (e.g. insulin, amylase)

Bind to the plasma membrane to release their contents by exocytosis

64
Q

What is exocytosis, and what part of the cell releases its contents this way?

A

It is where SECRETORY GRANULES bind to the plasma membrane to release their contents

65
Q

What is the name of an aggregation of cells with a specialised structure and/or function?

A

Tissue

66
Q

What is the definition of tissue?

A

An aggregation of cells with a specialised structure and/or function

67
Q

Name the 4 basic tissues and their function

ECMN

A

Epithelium - covering
Connective - support
Muscle - movement
Neural - communication & control

68
Q

What type of tissue acts as protection/a barrier and controls absorption and secretion?

A

Epithelia

69
Q

What type of tissue is made up of layers of closely bound cells, which either cover internal and external surfaces of organs, or line cavities and tubes

A

Epithelia

70
Q

What is epithelium tissue supported by?

A

A basement membrane

71
Q

How many layers are simple epithelia?

A

1

72
Q

What are stratified epithelia?

A

2 or more layers of epithelial cells

73
Q

What are simple squamous epithelial cells?
What is their function?
What is their location?

A

One layer thick and flat (SQUAshed)

Function: to exchange nutrients and gases

Location: such as blood vessels and alveoli

74
Q

What type of epithelial cells are good for rapid exchange?

A

Simple squamous - as flat and only one layer thick

75
Q

What are stratified squamous epithelia?
What is its function?
Where is it found?

A

Flat (SQUAshed) surface cells, many layers

Function: to act as a protective barrier

Location: oral cavity, anus, vagina, oesophagus, skin

76
Q

What are keratinised, stratified squamous epithelia?
What is its function?
Where can it be found?

A

Flat/SQUAshed surface cells with many layers
Has keratin which is a protein

Function: to protect/act as a barrier and be WATERPROOF

Location: skin, hair

77
Q

What type of cells exchange nutrients and gases?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells

78
Q

What type of cells act as protection/a barrier? (not waterproof)

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells

79
Q

What type of cells act as a waterproof barrier and for protection?

A

Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells

80
Q

What is keratin?

A

Protein from dead cells that can act as protection for living cells

81
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelium?
What is its function?
Where can it be found?

A

One layer of cuboid cells

They secrete and absorb things (related to control)

Found in glands and kidney tubules

82
Q

What are simple columnar epithelium?
Where is its function?
Where are they found?

A

One layer of tall cells, with basally located nuclei

They absorb and secrete

They are found in the GI Tract and organs, e.g. the gall bladder

83
Q

What are modified simple columnar modified columnar epithelium?
What is its function?
Where is it found?

A

One layer of tall cells with basally located nuclei
They may have surface modifications like microvilli

They absorb and secrete things like nutrients and fluids

Can be found in the GI Tract e.g. intestines

84
Q

What are complex columnar epithelium?
What is its functions?
Where can it be found?

A

One layer of tall cells with basally located nuclei that appear stratified, but all cells still touch basement membrane
Also have modifications like cilia and goblet cells

Functions include mucociliary escalator

Locations include trachea and large respiratory airways (move dust out of lungs etc)

85
Q

In regard to epithelial cells, what does a tight junction do?

A

Stick them together but stop communicating

86
Q

In regard to epithelial cells, what does a gap junction do?

A

Allow substances to move from one cell to another - for communicating and passing nutrients etc

87
Q

What type of tissue has the role of support?

A

Connective

88
Q

1 in 10 people have a disease of what type of tissue?

A

Connective (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis)

89
Q

What type of tissue has non-living material and provides structural/metabolic support?

A

Supporting connective tissue

90
Q

What type of tissue consists of the extracellular matrix:

  • ground substance - proteins, proteoglycans, water
  • tissue fluid
  • fibres - collagen, reticular, elastic
A

Specialised connective tissue

91
Q

What type of tissue are fibroblasts made up of?

A

Connective tissue = they connect the lumen of the gut to the smooth muscle cells
The tissue here is made up of columnar cells

92
Q

What type of tissues are proper and fluid tissue?

A

Specialised connective tissue

93
Q 
What types of tissue are:
bone and cartilage
ligament
adipocytes
blood
A

proper and fluid connective tissue

94
Q

What type of ‘proper’ tissue is made up of hard tissues with a high density of cells and fibres?

A

Bone and cartilage

95
Q

Blood cells and proteins are what type of tissue?

A

Fluid connective tissue

96
Q

What does muscle tissue consist of?

A

Muscle Cells

97
Q

What type of tissue is capable of contracting in order to produce movement?

A

Muscle Tissue

98
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth (hollow organs and blood vessels)

99
Q

What type of tissue is a functional unit neuron?

A

Neural tissue

100
Q

Where is neural tissue found?

A

The Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

The Peripheral Nervous System

101
Q

What are the 3 types of neural tissue (based on structure)?

A

Unipolar - where dendrite and axon emerge from same process

Bipolar - where axon and single dendrite are on opposite ends of cell body

Multipolar - more than two dendrites

102
Q

What are the 2 types of functional classification of neural tissue?

A

Direction of impulses - afferent = sensory neurons

                               - efferent = motor neurons
                               - interneurons that connect

Action on other neurons - Excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory

103
Q

Give an example of loose (areolar) connective tissue

lots of ground substance and little collagen

A

epithelium

104
Q

Give an example of dense irregular connective tissue

lots of collagen and haphazard arrangement

A

skin

105
Q

Give an example of dense regular connective tissue

lots of collagen

A

ligaments/tendons

106
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen

107
Q

How many different types of collagen are there?

What % of protein does it make up of in the body?

A

28 types

25%

108
Q

What is the role of elastin tissue?

A

To facilitate stretching and recoiling of structures

e.g. stretches skin, inflates/deflates lungs, contracts/relaxes blood vessels

109
Q

What tissue allows skin to stretch, lungs to inflate and blood vessels to contract?

A

Elastin

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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