medicine through time- the ranaissance

Question 1

what was the period of the Renaissance?

Answer 1

1350-1750

Question 2

what were the causes of change?

Answer 2

1) voyages- brought new ideas back to Europe, plants and medicines
2) art- became more realistic through dissection-helped doctors and surgeons
3) discovery of gunpowder- surgeons had to rapidly improve surgery, equipment improved also
4) printing press- spread of knowledge- Galen’s books were re-published= his ideas were questioned
5) new universities= more people could learn from what had been learnt and written down in the past- challenge old ideas- learning and knowledge was approved

Question 3

what did Andreas Vesalius specialise in and what did he teach? when did he live?

Answer 3

1514-64 anatomy. he taught surgery at Padua uni- teaching that anatomy will only be learned by direct observations, not reading Galen

Question 4

what did Vesalius correct Galen on?

Answer 4

• the breast-bone has 3 segments not 7
• the jawbone is 1 bone not 2
• liver doesn’t have lobes

Question 5

What did Ambroise Pare specialise in?

Answer 5

surgery

Question 6

why was pare looked down on by other doctors?

Answer 6

he didn’t go to uni

Question 7

what were pare’s jobs?

Answer 7

apprenticed as barber surgeon
assistant surgeon at hospital in Paris
worked for french army in 1536
King Charles lX surgeon

Question 8

how were amputations treated before pare?

Answer 8

the area around the amputation was cauterised- a red hot iron was used to burn the flesh and the skin was pulled over the oozing stump and stitched with large needles= soldiers died from shock of pain

Question 9

how were gunshot wounds treated before pare?

Answer 9

bullet was cut out with razor then a cloth with dripping boiling oil was thrust deep inside the wound- thought to burn away poison produced by the gunpowder

Question 10

what were pare’s discoveries?

Answer 10

1) ligatures= replaced cauterising- silk threads which tied the veins and arteries together but not widely used as lots needed, there wasn’t a method of controlling the blood flow until the vessels were tied and spread infection in the wounds as not sterilised
2) soothing ointments were used instead of oil- mixture of egg yolks, rose oil and turpentine

Question 11

what were his experiments

Answer 11

king Charles lX wanted to try the bezoar stone and pare tested it on a jailor and have him poison then the bezoar- he dies in great pain. the bezoar was burned

Question 12

what else did pare invent?

Answer 12

artificial limbs

Question 13

what did William Harvey specialise in?

Answer 13

the theory of the circulation of the blood, he worked in London as a doctor

Question 14

how did water pumps help Harvey?

Answer 14

possible he got the idea the heart being a pump by observing a mechanical pump used in London

Question 15

what was Harvey’s experiment?

Answer 15

• upper arm was bandaged to restrict blood flow
• makes valves visible
• he pushed his finger along a vein from one valve to the next away from the heart
• the vein between the valves empties the blood and stayed empty as blood couldn’t flow back

Question 16

what didn’t Harvey discover?>

Answer 16

it was the capillaries that carry blood- no microscopes good enough

Question 17

in the Renaissance how was public health made worse by war?

Answer 17

• very violent time
• religious differences led to war
• populations began to rise in towns and cities, placing more strain on available clean water supplies and sewage disposal systems
• warfare gobbled up resources and destroyed crops

Question 18

when was the great plague?

Answer 18

1665-1666

Question 19

what did people think caused the plague?

Answer 19

infections from the bodies could make the air go bad- spreading the plague

• corruption of air- miasma
• dogs caused the plague

Question 20

how did they stop the plague?

Answer 20

• examiners checked which houses had the plague and shut them up and put a red cross on it- no one was allowed in or out
• killed dogs-appointed dog-killers
• home holders had to keep the street in front of their house clean
• rakers were employed to take rubbish away
• fire in the street to burn away poisoned air
• searchers- staff to find dead people of the plague and report to a doctor who examines them-make sure it was the plague
• doctors gave medicine
• burried in mass pits- dug outside the city
• people left London anyway they could

Question 21

why didn’t the government help with public health?

Answer 21

didn’t think it was their job to provide clean water and did not have the skills or the money to do this. they didn’t realise how important clean water was to health