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the industrial revolution Flashcards

1
Q

what are dates of this period?

A

1750-1900

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2
Q

what were the 2 big ideas?

A

disease is caused by germs

governments spend lots of money on providing sewers and clean water supply to stop the spread of disease

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3
Q

what were the 5 factors leading to change?

A

1) rapid growth of towns increased dangers of epidemic disease- people worked together to improve health
2) government’s attitude- it began to force local councils to improve public health= providing sewers and clean water
3) huge engineering projects- canals and railways- developed the skills used for public health
4) scientific knowledge and technology
5) people’s attitudes- to poverty and sickness changed- the wealthy wanted reforms that would improve everyone’s health

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4
Q

what did Edward Jenner do?

A

in 1798 invented the vaccine for small pox- people realised that evil spirits and bad humours or smells didn’t cause disease. look for more suitbal treatment

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5
Q

why was there opposition to Jenner?

A
  • not well known with a big reputation turning doctors away from him
  • he was unable to explain why it worked so people wouldn’t accept it
  • many had a distaste from taking matter from a cow- thought it introduced a beast’s disease into humans
  • religious people said it was against god’s laws to give people an animal disease
  • it could be dangerous= some doctors mixed up their vaccines, used infected needles, cut too far in skin-bleed over taking cowpox away, vaccinators were paid according to the number of successful vaccines s did them in a hurry
  • inoculators lost income-threatened their livelihoods
  • some preferred traditional methods-religious people thought that small pox was a punishment for sin. so only cure is prayer and living a godly life
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6
Q

who invented laughing gas and when?

A

Humphrey Davis in 1799- reduced sensation of pain

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7
Q

what were drawback of laughing gas?

A

didn’t completely knock patients out
-an american dentist used it in a public demonstration but patient was in agony= killed confidence in using as an anaesthetic

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8
Q

who invented ether and when?

A

Robert Liston in 1847

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9
Q

how did ether work?

A

patient inhaled it and fell asleep and no pain followed

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10
Q

what were the drawbacks of ether?

A
  • irritated the eyes and lungs- coughing and sickness
  • could catch fire
  • had a vile clinging smell
  • large heavy bottle to carry around
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11
Q

who invented chloroform and when?

A

James Simpson in 1947- successful in reducing pain

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12
Q

what were the drawback of chloroform?

A
  • takes a long time to regain consciousness
  • felt very sick
  • followed by vomiting for several hours
  • horrible taste
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13
Q

why was there opposition to chloroform?

A
  • new and untested gas- no one knew of its long-term effects or side effects, some surgeons did’t know what dosage to give patients
  • anaesthetics didn’t make surgery safer- with patients unconscious, doctors tried complex operations-carrying infections deeper into the body and increasing the loss of blood. the number of people dying from ops after anaesthetics increased
  • some thought God wanted people to feel pain-punishment for sins- childbirth made women more religious and improved their moral charactor
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14
Q

why was chloroform a turning point?

A

newer chemicals were tested and had fewer side effects
local anaesthetics and general ones were discovered
queen Victoria used it and publicly praised it so less opposition

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15
Q

why was Florence Nightingale so important?

A

developed new attitudes towards health and cleanliness- patients slept whilst operated on, no longer suffered pain that killed through shock

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16
Q

what are the 5 things F.N improved in the Crimea hospitals in 1854?

A
  • privacy for amputations
  • boil all the sheets and towels
  • patients need good food
  • 200 men rebuilt an a ward block
  • reduced death rate from 40% to 2%
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17
Q

what did she publish in 1860?

A

notes for nursing

18
Q

what did she give to the government?

A

an 800 page report on how everything needed to change

19
Q

what did she set up in 1860?

A

Britain’s first training school for nurses

20
Q

why wasn’t Mary Seacole allowed to work with F.N?

A

because she was coloured so she went to Crimea herself and built ‘The British Hotel’

21
Q

how did she help soldiers?

A

she worked on the front line and helped the Russian soldiers too- she gave them proper food and kept them warm

22
Q

what happened to Mary Seacole after the war?

A

she went bankrupt as couldn’t sell the hospital

  • William Russel reminded Britain of her by writing to his friends, they raised money, and had a party to celebrate her work with 80000 people
  • Queen Victoria wrote a letter congratulating her on her achievements
23
Q

when were the cholera epidemics?

A

1831, 1837-1838, 1848 and 1854

24
Q

what happened in 1834?

A

Chadwick was asked to write a report on the living conditions and health of people on towns and countryside

25
Q

what did Chadwick give to the government in 1842?

A

the report convinced there was a link between dirt and disease- he recommended: a medical officer in each district, clean water, improve drainage and sewers, improve damp and filthy overcrowded houses and clean air as believed in miasma.
the government took no notice- cost too much

26
Q

how did John Snow prove the link between dirt and disease?

A

in 1854, cholera returned.

  • he found that the most deaths took place in broad street
  • nearly all deaths were in a short distance from a water pump and from people who used the pump
  • he concluded that the deaths from cholera were due to excretions infected the water from people who had the disease
  • he removed the handle of the water pump and no more cases of cholera occured.
  • he found the water pump was infected- a cesspool, 1m away had a cracked lining and was seeping its contents into the drinking water
27
Q

why were Chadwick and Snow important?

A
  • made governments worry about Public health
  • first public health act in 1848 and a compulsory one in 1875
  • forced all local councils to provide clean water, sewers and medical officers of health
28
Q

why were public toilets more important in the 19th C then today?

A

because poor people couldn’t afford to have one at home

29
Q

when was the great stink?

A

summer of 1858 where was very hot and no rain fell. as a result the smell from the Thames grew worse. this put pressure on the government to do something about it and added to the evidence that public reform was needed

30
Q

how did Louis Pasteur discover germs and when?

A

1861- helping a brewing company to see why their alcohol was going bad- used a powerful microscope and saw tiny bacteria germinating in the liquid

  • he boiled it and the germs were killed
  • discovered that the bacteria was making milk, beer and vinegar go bad= boiled the liquids and ‘pasteurised them’
31
Q

how did Pasteur show is was the same in humans and animals that germs cause disease?

A
  • investigated a chicken for cholera
  • a collegue injected the chicken with old germs by accident and the chicken didn’t die- so injected with fresh germs and didn’t die
  • the old week germs had immunised it- now they know why jenners vaccinations worked
32
Q

why did germ theory put pressure on government?

A

provided proof about disease caused by germs and dirty conditions and there was a link between dirt and disease. faced with scientific proof, people were more willing to pay taxes to cover the costs of public health reforms

33
Q

who was Robert Koch and what did he do?

A
  • German scientist
  • proved Pasteur’s germ theory by studying anthrax- he extracted bacterium from a sheep and put it into mice and they died due to the anthrax germs
  • also discovered vaccines for cholera, tuberculosis and other diseases.
34
Q

when did the working class get the vote?

A

in 1866- majority of workers were working-class men so political parties need to win the support of these workers

  • this out pressure to do something about the foul conditions to gain votes and the working-class wanted clean living conditions
  • in 1874, the conservative party promised better living conditions and won the election passing compulsory health reforms
35
Q

what was the great clean up?

A

in 1875, laws of compulsory vaccinations, all towns had to build sewers, and tax on soap was removed
all these laws led to the great clean up.
-took time but gradually:
slums were knocked down,
clean water was piped to houses, f
lushing lavatories connected to sewers were built in some houses,
cesspools were demolished

36
Q

what other factors improved the health of the nation?

A
  • tax on soap was removed in 1853
  • by 1890s education was compulsory until 11 years -more people could understand the importance of keeping clean
  • flushing lavotories meant that human waste was disposed of and not left rotting near houses
  • the diet of many people improved
  • women were made to work
  • the river pollution act made it illegal to throw waste into the rivers
37
Q

who discovered carbolic acid and when?

A

Joseph Lister in 1867

38
Q

how was carbolic acid discovered?

A

Lister insisted on wards being kept much cleaner but wasn’t much improvement on death rate- even after successful operations, patients died because wounds became infected

  • in 1865 he read some of Pasteur’s writings, telling him that gangrene or rotting was caused by airborne bacteria
  • Lister made the link that it was the microbes in it
  • he used carbolic spray to kill these bacteria
39
Q

how were antiseptics used in operations?

A
  • hand washing with carbolic acid before op
  • carbolic spray during operation
  • antiseptic ligatures to tie-up blood vessels
40
Q

short term effects of carbolic acid?

A

more patients survive

his ideas spread and were used by other doctors

41
Q

what were long term effect of carbolic acid?

A
  • doctors built on his ideas
  • hospitals and operating theatres became much cleaner places
  • all medical instruments were sterilised effectively. the whole room was sterile. all germs were killed= aseptic surgery
  • longer and more complicated operations became possible as the danger of infection was reduced
42
Q

what were the drawbacks of the antiseptic?

A
  • new precautions cause extra work and made operations expensive
  • people argued that antiseptics prevented the body’s own defense mechanisms to work well
  • doctors didn’t use it well
  • critics thought Lister just changed methods because more worked

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