Reducing the Risks of CVD Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six ways people can lower their risk of CVD?

A

Stop smoking, maintaining a blood pressure below 140/85 mmHg, maintaining low blood cholesterol levels, maintaining a normal BMI, low waist/hip ratio, taking more physical exercise and moderate/no alcohol use

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2
Q

What 5 foods can people eat more of to reduce CVD risk?

A

More polyunsaturated/monounsaturated fats, more non-starch polysaccharides, oily fish, more fruit and veg, more functional foods containing sterols and stanols

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3
Q

What three things can people reduce their consumption of to reduce CVD risk?

A

Reduced saturated fats, reduced cholesterol and reduced salt

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4
Q

How can people modify their diet to reduce CVD risk?

A

Make their diet more energy balanced

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5
Q

When is medication normally prescribed to someone?

A

When their blood pressure exceeds 160/100 mmHg or if they have a sustained blood pressure of over 140/90 mmHg and they show evidence of CVD

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6
Q

What three types of medication are often prescribed to people to lower their blood pressure?

A

ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and diuretics

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7
Q

What does angiotensin 2 cause?

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to help control blood pressure

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8
Q

What do ACE inhibitors prevent?

A

The angiotensin hormone being produced from an inactive form angiotensin 1, thus reducing vasoconstriction and lowering blood pressure

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9
Q

What four side effects do ACE inhibitors cause?

A

A dry cough, dizziness, abnormal heart rhythms and a reduction in the function of the kidneys

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10
Q

What benefit does ACE inhibitors cause for people with kidney failure?

A

They may see a reduction in their kidney failure

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11
Q

What is calcium important for?

A

Muscle contraction, as calcium must pass through channels in the muscle cells for the muscle to contract

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12
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do?

A

Block calcium from entering the cell, preventing contraction of the muscle, the blood vessels don’t constrict, lowering blood pressure

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13
Q

What four side effects to calcium channel blockers cause?

A

Swollen ankles, abnormal heart beat, flushing red in the face and constipation

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14
Q

How do diuretics lower blood pressure?

A

They increase the volume of urine produced by the kidneys and thus rid the body of excess fluids and salt. This leads to a decrease in blood plasma volume and cardiac output, which lowers blood pressure

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15
Q

What side effects do diuretics cause?

A

Dizziness nausea and stomach cramps

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16
Q

What medication is used to reduce blood cholesterol? How does it work?

A

Statins. They work by inhibiting an enzyme involved in the production of LDL cholesterol

17
Q

What side effects to statins cause?

A

They may increase the risk of death by other non-vascular causes and also increase the risk of developing certain cancers

18
Q

Which two medications are used to reduce blood clotting?

A

Aspirin and Warfarin

19
Q

How does aspirin reduce blood clotting?

A

It reduces the stickiness of platelets and the likelihood of clot formation

20
Q

What side effect does aspirin have?

A

Some people are allergic to it, it is only partly effective and sometimes serious bleeding can occur

21
Q

What is warfarin?

A

An anticoagulant drug that affects the synthesis of clotting factors

22
Q

What is the risk that is higher in Warfarin than Aspirin?

A

The risk of bleeding is higher