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Hugh's MD1 Abdominal > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prevalence of alcohol hepatitis in heavy drinkers?

A

50%

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1
Q

What can result from the decrease in gluconeogenesis during alcohol metabolism?

A

Hypoglycaemia > faintness

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3
Q

How fast to do humans clear alcohol from the system?

A

1 standard drink per hour or ~0.015% decrease in blood alcohol

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3
Q

Apart from the liver, where else can alcohol dehydrogenase be present?

A

The stomach mucosa

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4
Q

What are the two alternate pathways for alcohol metabolism apart for alcohol dehydrogenase?

A

Cytochrome P450 - CYP 2E1

Oxidation by catalase

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5
Q

What is acetaldehyde converted into in alcohol metabolism?

A

Acetate

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5
Q

What catalyses acetaldehyde to acetate?

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

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6
Q

At what alcohol percentage is consciousness lost?

A

0.3%

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7
Q

At what alcohol percentage does dysphoria replace euphoria?

A

0.16-0.2%

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8
Q

What happens to serum albumin concentration over the course of chronic liver disease?

A

It remains stable right up until cirrhosis presents

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8
Q

What limits the rate at which alcohol can be removed from the blood?

A

The alcohol dehydrogenase metabolism pathway is quickly saturated

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9
Q

How does alcohol affect the CNS?

A

Disrupts neuronal cell membranes making them leaky and impairing their action

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10
Q

Which GABA receptor agonists helps with alcohol withdrawals?

A

Acamprosate

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11
Q

What is the most significant enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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12
Q

Where does most alcohol enter the blood from?

A

The intestines

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13
Q

Why does gluconeogenesis decrease in response to alcohol consumption?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase produces NAPH (as well as acetaldehyde)

14
Q

What can you give alcoholics to help them stop drinking?

A

Disulfiram - inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

15
Q

What happens to acetate in alcohol metabolism?

A

Goes into the TCA cycle for energy

or is converted into fat

17
Q

How much of liver can you loose while retaining liver function??

A

60%

18
Q

How fast can you clear alcohol from the blood?

A

0.015% alcohol per hour

18
Q

What are the effects of alcohol of drug metabolism?

A

Prevents drug clearance when alcohol is present (they share the same metabolic pathway)

Promotes drug clearance when alcohol isn’t present

19
Q

Why do some people of Japanese and Chinese descent have trouble with alcohol?

A

They have an inactive variant of aldehyde dehydrogenase

20
Q

What are some ways alcohol damaged cells?

A

Decreases intake of anti-oxidants

Decrease intake of glutathione

CYP2E1 free radicals

Increases absorption of Fe > free radicals

21
Q

What is the chemical formula for ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

23
Q

What can slow alcohol absorption?

A

Food, particularly fatty food

24
Q

What are indicators of severe alcohol dependency?

A

When withdrawal causes anxiety, tremors, sweating and vomiting

25
Q

What chemical do we refer to when we use the common term “alcohol”

A

Ethanol

27
Q

What can happen to CYP2E1 in response to chronic alcohol consumption?

A

Increases up to 4-fold

28
Q

Does alcoholic cirrhosis occur in all heavy drinkers?

A

No, only 15-30%

29
Q

T/F There is a genetic component in alcoholism

A

True

30
Q

Why aren’t alcohol as obese as expected from their alcohol consumption?

A

CYP2E1 metabolism consumes NADPH

31
Q

T/F The liver metabolises all alcohol consumed

A

False, it metabolises 90%

Some is metabolised in the stomach

32
Q

Why are women more likely to be affected by alcohol?

A

Because it doesn’t distribute into fat

33
Q

Name some signs of alcoholism

A

Jaundice

Ascites

Palmar erythema

Gynacomastia

Enlarged collateral vessels

Hand tremor

Neurological disturbances

Oesophageal varices

35
Q

Does alcohol get through the BBB?

A

Yes

36
Q

How does alcohol cause dehydration?

A

Interferes with the pituitary to decrease it production of anti-diuretics

37
Q

What is the cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Thiamin deficiency

38
Q

How is testosterone affected by alcohol consumption?

A

Destroyed

39
Q

What daily alcohol consumption is a low risk to health?

A

2

Hugh's MD1 Abdominal (21 decks)

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